history of Ancient Egypt is aware of the four kings named Thutmose, they all belong to the same 18th Dynasty and ruled one after another.But the most significant mark in the history of the left, of course, Thutmose III.Egypt rose to unprecedented heights in the years of his reign.Thutmose and Hammurabi (Babylonian king) is often compared, drawing a parallel between their military campaigns and aggressive foreign policy.Both greatly expanded its borders, forever inscribed their names in the history of the ancient world.
Thutmose I
during the reign of Thutmose I - 1504-1492 BC.To say its origin is difficult, scientists have suggested that he was the husband of sister of Amenhotep I, and it is possible that the son of the Pharaoh Ahmose I (the founder of the 18th dynasty).The reign of Thutmose I - this is the beginning of the conquest, which greatly expanded the boundaries of ancient Egypt.Early in his reign, there was a revolt in Nubia.King personally participated in its suppression, according to ancient chronicles, he struck with his spear the leader of the rebellious people.Nubia was completely devastated and entire families deported into slavery.His conquest of the South moved to the third cataract of the Nile, and in the north - to the Euphrates River.The victorious raids enriched the coffers at the expense of stolen property and the tribute paid to the conquered peoples.This has contributed to an active construction of temples.Thutmose I was the first pharaoh who abandoned magnificent tombstones and preferred to isolate the tomb from his funeral temple.The tomb was built in an atmosphere of extreme secrecy, it carved into the rock.In 1881 it was discovered the mummy of Pharaoh.
direct descendants of Thutmose I died in infancy (two sons and a daughter), there was only one doch Hatshepsut.Closely related marriages were common, and gave her in marriage to his half-brother (by his father), Thutmose II, son of the "not major" wife.He became the next Pharaoh.
Thutmose II
Egyptian king is not very good health, so during the reign of Pharaoh Tuthmosis II short.Some Egyptologists believe that he was on the throne for only four years.However, this is only speculation, and therefore the date of the reign of Thutmose II, usually indicates an approximate 1492 po1489 BCThe first year of his reign was marked by the brutal suppression of the rebellion in Nubia, was killed all the men of the tribe, who were able to find.Thutmose II has retained all the territories conquered by his father.From Hatshepsut he had two daughters, but the son was a concubine, but that he passed the throne after the death of Pharaoh.
Queen Hatshepsut
female pharaoh, one of the most famous ruler of Egypt.His high status, according to many historians, it could reach at a time when the rules of Thutmose I, that is her father, and then, perhaps, was the co-ruler of her husband.This subsequently allowed it to take away the throne from the young pharaoh.After her husband died, she was appointed regent of the 12-year-old Thutmose III, and then a year and a half literate and peacefully ousted him.She became famous in the first place an active construction, patron of culture and science, accustomed to this, and her stepson Tuthmosis III.Egypt when it flourished economically, but were nearly lost possession in Palestine and Syria.Although, according to some reports, she participated personally in several military campaigns, in general, the foreign policy of the past two decades has been peaceful.Queen rules almost 22 years old.According to the latest data obtained after examining her mummy, she died at the age of 50 years from the disease (liver cancer, bone tumors and diabetes).In life, she erected a funerary temple itself, it is carved into the rock and impresses with its size and decoration today.
Thutmose III
Approximate during the reign of Thutmose III - 1479-1425 BCBut in fact, he came to the throne after the death of his stepmother, Hatshepsut.The first thing he did - it ordered the destruction of all mention of her name erased from the walls, destroy the statue.What were the reasons for this, it is difficult to say now, perhaps personal, historians admit that it was done under the influence of the court aristocracy.During the reign of Pharaoh Tuthmosis III marked a change of course for peaceful actively aggressive foreign policy.In years when the rules of Thutmose III, Egypt has become one of the largest of the ancient state.
If we talk about the portraits of the great ruler, the scientists believe that his sculptures have little in common with the real appearance.On the basis of the mummy experts have concluded that he is not very tall, but the figure was a good, strong.
military campaigns of Tuthmosis III
Pharaoh different active military policy, but the most notable and famous campaign trail:
- first campaign to Syria.It is believed that his reason was the uprising of the Asian tribes.Well, the reason is the same as many centuries ago - the state needs were slaves, resources and open the way for foreign trade.Going to Syria considerably strengthened the position of the Egyptian government in the Near East.
- military campaign 29-year reign of Pharaoh.It was the fifth military campaign in Asia Minor.As a result of the Egyptians on the Phoenician coast was captured by a large agricultural area Jahi, became a reference point.
- sixth and seventh campaigns over the years of Tuthmosis III was the sea.Ships moving around the Mediterranean and landed for the first time mations (modern Syria).The goal was to Kedesh fortress - one of the most impregnable, its siege lasted nearly six months, but the results did not give.Egyptians plundered the neighborhood and were forced to leave the coast.Returning for a second time, Pharaoh's army occupied the Phoenician city Ullaza.
- eighth campaign confirmed the domination of Egypt, throughout Syria, Palestine, Finnick.Historians call this period culminating in the military conquests of Thutmose III.
- long hikes (9, 10, 13, 14 minutes) were taken in 34-39 years of the reign of Thutmose III.They no longer were clearly aggressive character, but rather are aimed at keeping already conquered territories, which now and then uprisings.
- last trip to Asia.According to the purpose it was more of a punitive expedition to quell unruly Syria, led the uprising were all of the same city and Tunip Kadesh.Both fortresses were taken by the Egyptians, who dealt a crushing blow for a long time strengthening the position of the state in Syria and Phoenicia.
All conquered during the reign of Tuthmosis III territory were converted into provinces ruled by Egypt and its local governors.Numerous nations portrayed the tribute as a mark of respect and solidarity of its policies.The conquest of Egypt Tuthmosis III turned into a very powerful, strong power.None of the subsequent pharaohs could not expand the boundaries further than it was done with him.
policy within the state during the time of Thutmose III
continue to actively build, as in the case of Queen Hatshepsut, including Karnak temple was built Amun-Re with Obelisk.According to the testimony, which remained on the walls of temples and tombs, the pharaoh was a versatile person enough, patronized the arts.In addition to the outstanding abilities of the commander, he had a broad outlook, and even simulated vessels of clay, which is then passed on projects artisans.By order of the Pharaoh in Egypt imported new varieties of plants and animal species.When it was formed permanent professional army, built ships (cedar specially brought from Libya).Thutmose III led Egypt '53.Economic and cultural development of the state was marked by his years of government.Thutmose Hammurabi and shared in time a few hundred years, but the remarkable similarity between them, both rulers were not only great military leaders, but also literate politicians.The name is associated the rise of Hammurabi of Babylon, the creation of rule of law, and Thutmose III of Egypt turned into the strongest empire, earning himself rightly the title of "Napoleon of the Ancient World", but not the Punisher, Pharaoh showed humanity to the conquered peoples, not perpetrate mindless slaughter and genocide.
Art XVIII dynasty
Egypt at this time has taken a leading international position has reached unprecedented power, increased fluffiness environment, clothing and jewelry nobility.The leading role in the art at the time playing Thebes - the state capital at the time.Temples built at this time, monumental and solemn, and the funeral is traditionally separated from the tombs, which were carved to prevent looting in the separated gorges.Outstanding works of ancient architecture is the temple of Queen Hatshepsut.
ancient Egyptian music
Numerous bas-reliefs depicting singers and instrumentalists talk about the importance of music in the lives of Egyptians.It sounded at home, accompanying the various labor processes, mass celebrations, solemn processions.During the XVIII dynasty already existed palace chapel.The main musical instruments: harps, flutes, lyres, lutes, drums and SISTROM (metal ratchet).In the era of the XVIII dynasty palace music, along with developing the military, there are the first bands with percussion and trumpets.
Thutmose IV
Pharaoh rules about 1397-1388 BC, and it is quite a short period.According to the research of the mummy, he died at a young age.During his time on the throne is not marked by great achievements.Thutmose IV undertook several military campaigns, but the glory of his predecessors did not repeat.
He also showed interest in the architectural structure of its predecessors cleared the Sphinx from the sands, has completed construction of the obelisk of Thutmose III.
