Fruits - a protective sheath for the seeds of plants.They may be different in color, shape, size and taste, but they all have a similar structure.Fruits - that vegetables and fruits, and berries, and birch catkins and nuts.It would seem that they are very different, but they all have a lot in common.
structure
Fruits - a combination of substances that are intended to protect the seeds from the environment and increases the chances of germination.They are also designed to spread the seeds on the largest possible distance.This may occur by the wind, water, animals.The fruits consist of three parts: the endocarp, mesocarp and ekzokarpiya.First - this is the inner shell, it is directly next to the seed (or a few).Mesocarp - tunica, ekzokarpy - external.These three structures are combined in the pericarp or pericarp.In most cases, skin ekzokarpy presented (from fruit) or shell (at the nut).Endocarp - it is often the part of the fetus, which is used in food animals and humans.A mesocarp can be seen, for example, in the form of a white shell between the flesh and skin from the oranges.However, there are exceptions to these rules.For apples, for example, endocarp represented as transparent plates near the seeds and pulp - it mesocarp.
Fruits are different
They are divided into several groups, depending on their appearance and some of the features of the structure.Fruits - a nuts and cherries, and acorns - they all have a similar structure, but at the same time and a lot of differences.
Classification
The fruit plants are divided into two large groups: dry and juicy.Second, unlike the former, are pulp.Dry fall into polyspermous (korobochkovidnye) and seeded (orehovidnye), juicy - and on kostyankovidnye yagodovidnye.Each of these groups brings together different types of fruit.They are quite a lot.So, for korobochkovidnym include such fruits plants such as bean pod silicle, bag, flyer box.Orehovidnye presented weevil, lionfish, achenes, nuts and nut.It applies only kostyankovidnym juicy drupe.Yagodovidnye combine fruits such as berries, melon, apple.Let's look at each of these in more detail.
Dry korobochkovidnye
first representatives of this group - beans.This fruit is found in all plants of the legume family.It consists of a single carpel, has two joint, which can be open.It unilocular fruit.Plants that have beans: beans, peas, lupins, lentils, mimosa, clover, wisteria.
next type - pods and Silicula.It is the fruit of cruciferous vegetables, which belong to the cabbage, mustard, lettuce, turnips, horseradish, and others.It differs from the previous one, which is bicameral, has two carpels.Boll - korobochkovidny and dry fruit.It is usually placed a very large number of small seeds.This fruit consists of the following plants: poppy, henbane, cloves, datura.Its structure may have one or more carpels.By way of uncovering boxes may also differ.In poppies, for example, the boxes have holes, from henbane - caps have dope - leaf, cloves have - cloves.
Dried fruits orehovidnye
First among them should be made, of course, nuts.
Its main difference - woody outer shell.These fruits have plants such as walnut, pterokariya, California, black, Manchurian nut.Similar and hazel fruit forms - it nuts, they are smaller in size and have a soft shell.Also in this group it belongs to the achene.This fruit has a leathery husk, which is not srastrayutsya seeds.His form slozhnotsvetkovye many plants, the most common and widely known of which - sunflower.It is also the aster, daisy, marigold, wormwood, dandelion, teasel and many others.Weevil also belongs to the group of fruit.It is characteristic of the grass family of plants, which combines crops such as rye, wheat, millet, bluegrass, bamboo, feather, and others.This type of fetal different leathery pericarp, which merges with the endocarp.
Next view - lionfish.It is the fruit of the tree of maple and ash trees.It has a leathery pericarp membranous wing-shaped process by which seeds can be spread with the wind at a long distance from the parent tree.
Juicy yagodovidnye
Primarily these include apples.They are characterized by membranous cells in which the seeds are located, and the pulp is produced during the fusion tube and ovary of the flower.No such forms not only the fruits of the apple tree, and all the plants of the family of pink pear, mountain ash, hawthorn, quince and others.Also, this group includes berries, which have a fleshy pericarp school.They have such plants are: currants, blueberries, cranberries, gooseberries, tomatoes, kiwi, eggplant, banana and others.Contrary to popular belief, cherry and raspberry - this is not the berries and drupes.By lzheyagodam include strawberries and strawberries and rosehips - a collection of fruit - mnogooreshki.The first two real fruit (nuts) are outside of the structure (white dots), and the latter - inside.They are a set of nuts and birch catkins.Also refers to the school yagodovidnym melon.It has the juicy flesh, but woody ekzokarpiem.So the fruit has a pumpkin, watermelon (that is a berry - too confusing), melon, cucumber.
Kostyankovidnye
It is also a subgroup of luscious fruit.Its only representative - drupe.It is characterized in that the fruit seeds of this type are within the bone, under husk having a hard outer shell and intended to provide additional protection.Drupe may contain one or more bones.Examples of this type of plum, cherry, coconut, peach, apricot, cranberry.There is also the fruit of complicated formed several drupes.It raspberries, blackberries.
What protects the pericarp?
Under these three envelopes is one or more seeds.Let's look at their structure.All flowering plants are divided into dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous - it depends on how many seeds have their cotyledons.
Seeds monocots consist of one cotyledon, plumule, stem, root, from which, in fact, produced a new plant, the endosperm and the seed coat, usually fused with the pericarp.The fruit of the seeds of this type are, for example, pods and struchechki.Also, it is sometimes a box (for tulips, lilies), at least - a berry.
Seeds dicots characterized by having two cotyledons.Also their structure is different from previous ones in that their seed coat almost never fused with the pericarp.These seeds can be arranged in the fruits of this type as a drupe, apple, bean, and other achene.
methods spread fruit and seeds
They can spread with the help of a "mediator" or without.Thus, some plants emit their seeds from the fruit reveals the (often beans).Also, the fruit can simply fall down by force of gravity from its own weight.But more often they are carried by the wind, animals or humans, as well as water.To do this, the fruit often have additional devices, such as dandelion pappus (fluff growing out of the pericarp, with the help of which there is spread with the wind).
