Russian language - the phenomenon of the endless, dynamic.He instantly reacts to what is happening around.The language is constantly forming new words, old ideas go, and then to return to the language with a new value.This happened, for example, with the word Cabby .It has gone from the language, along with the disappearance of the profession.However, in the time of perestroika, when it was developed a private taxi, the word back in the spoken language.Today, in many cities so called illegal taxi drivers.
How words are formed in the Russian language?The methods are different derivation.In Russian, there are four main ways, each of which has its own characteristics and gradation.
1. The most productive not only in Russian, but also in all Slavic languages is considered a morphological method.It involves the creation of new words using morpheme.Inside it, there are several types of word formation using morpheme.Morpheme is called the minimum meaningful unit of language, which is composed of words having its own meaning.From this perspective, the morphological method of word formation is divided into:
- platformers when affix precedes root.( Always - forever, pretty - very pretty, go - go, the light - Dawn ).
- suffix.Affix stands after the root, and is attached to its base.( job - working, writing - writing, weaver - weaving, good - pretty ).
- platformers-suffixed ways of word formation, as the name suggests, form a new word by the simultaneous accession to the prefix and postfix basis.( window - sill, writing - sign, fall - in autumn ).The most common verbs are so formed ( go - expenses ), nouns ( snow - snowdrop ).
- Bessuffiksny way of word formation is that the word "reset" and the end of the suffix.Most often form verbal nouns.( Heat - heating, scolding - wrestle ).But there are other options ( wide - breadth, black - Black ).
- Addition.Words can be formed by adding the whole words ( bed-sofa, payphone ), word stems ( salary, gym ), by means of connecting vowels ( steelmaker, ranger ), from the initial letters ( Moscow State University, the traffic police , Theatre for Young People, MAT ).
There are other ways of word formation.
2. lexical-semantic.In this case, one known word as it splits into homonyms (different in meaning but similar in spelling or pronunciation of the word).This method - a striking confirmation of the dynamism of language as a phenomenon.The semantics of the word change, because with the passage of time different meanings of ambiguous words drifting or their connection is lost.( Boxer - a sportsman and a dog, the air - the gas and the term broadcast, Spit - a tool, river braid women's hair, sponge - a class of invertebrates, the product of foam ).
3. Morphological and syntactic, in which the word "change" part of speech.(In ƈ This (adj.) Room - bathroom (n.), Ice cream, cake) .
4. Lexical and syntax, which allows to form a new word by merging the two "old» ( frost now, momentary ).
All of these ways of word formation are characteristic of Russian and Slavic languages, they serve as a tool to supplement the vocabulary.However, not only replenish the newly formed word vocabulary.
worth mentioning such a thing as borrowing from other languages.This phenomenon, on the one hand, is not related to word formation.On the other hand, from the borrowed using these methods derivation often form new words (especially in speech).So there computer (on the computer), the flash drive (from the flash card).
Word formation, as well as all the other layers of language, clearly normalized.The rules are fixed in dictionaries, books, sets of rules.
