The foreign policy of Nicholas 1 in the 1826-1849 biennium.

Internal policy of Nicholas 1, in short, which contains two important milestones.The first can be considered the end of the War of 1812.The second - the revolt of the Decembrists and changing reign (1825-th year).At the same time the foreign policy of Nicholas 1 (refer to the table will be the end of the article) was heavily influenced by the situation in Europe, which broke out on the territory of the bourgeois revolution.Next, consider what were the major policies of Nicholas 1.

primary objective

What was the domestic policy of Nicholas 1?Briefly formulating objectives must first be noted that the main task set by the monarch, is the codification of laws.Ruler with special attention to the criticisms and suggestions of the Decembrists, constantly pointing to his lack of the necessary procedure and, as a consequence, many abuses in the administration and the court.The main purpose of codifying the governor saw to streamline legislation, while not introducing innovations.So he wanted to provide the most accurate foundation for absolutism.Almost all of the work on the codification was carried Speransky.

Stages codification

In accordance with the plan of Speransky, ordering the legislation was implemented in three phases.The first suggested to collect and publish all the provisions in the chronological order since the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich before the end of the reign of Alexander I. At the second stage, there was a problem on the publication of the Code of Laws, which were arranged by subject-systematic manner.It is not supposed to make them any changes (additions or corrections).The third phase was planned preparation and publication of a new "Legal Code" - a systematic body of existing law.In this edition of the supposed additions and corrections, taking into account the customs and rights, as well as the real needs of the public.When the second branch had its own printing press.It published a volume prepared by the Laws of the Russian Empire (complete set).In the period from 1828 till 1830th years, it was issued 45 pieces.There were also published three volumes of applications and pointers.All these parts are part of the first meeting.It included 31 000 legislative acts during the period from 1649 to 1825-th years.In addition, it was published six volumes.They went out for 1825-30 biennium.They began the second meeting.It included regulations issued during the reign of Nicholas and Alexandra 2 1.

Laws of

he prepared on the basis of complete collection.In drawing up the Code eliminated acts no longer in force or superseded by subsequent laws.Also it carried out the provisions of the text processing.All corrections, the more additions could be made only with the approval of the Emperor.The monarch himself supervised the entire course of the work.A preliminary set of laws considered members of the special committee of the Senate.After that he went to the parts of the Ministry.Code of Laws was published in 15 volumes in 1832, the year.It contains a 40 thousand articles.

Other editions

Speransky were prepared 12 volumes Military regulations and code of laws of the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Baltic provinces and the Western.During the reign of Nicholas 1 was published "Assembly of marine and spiritual laws" and "Regulations on the nomadic aliens Eastern Siberia."

Other conversion

Other policies Nicholas 1 relating to education and the lives of the peasants.Of particular importance monarch paid serfdom.Thanks to the publication of several laws in a better position was dependent on the landowner peasants.Statutory acts stressed that the serfs are not a simple property of a private person.They are, first and foremost, citizens of the state.It became more conservative policies of Nicholas in the field of education.In 1828 it was reformed and lower secondary special educational institutions.

results of operations conducted in the reign of Nicholas 1 codification of laws, of course, will streamline existing legislation.However, it does not change the structure of the autocratic feudal Russia.In particular, it concerns the political and social area.The codification did not change the management system, has not eliminated corruption, arbitrariness and red tape, which reached its heyday was during the reign of Nicholas.Bureaucracy led to a paper record keeping, which flows into the clerical secret uncontrollably.In the first half of the XIX century, greatly increased the number of officials.Monarch fine saw all the evils of bureaucracy, but to eliminate them in terms of absolutism was not possible.Such was the state policy of Nicholas 1 (briefly).

Russia's position in the world

By the second quarter of the XIX century, Russia had the status of a strong and large states.It was at that time quite able to solve independently all foreign policy issues.At the beginning of the reign of the monarch lag Empire from Europe in the military-technical terms, it was not so noticeable.Russian Army was plentiful and was considered the world's one of the best.

foreign policy of Nicholas 1: the main points

base rate remained in Russia since the end of the XVIII century, since then, the country began to develop into a huge Eurasian empire.The new monarch ascended the throne after the announced continuation of its predecessor.Subsequently, however, the monarch made it clear that Russia on the European arena will be more rely on their own resources rather than rely on the "federal solidarity."1 Nicholas kept cooperation with German states, Prussia, primarily because it is a old time occupied a leading position in trade relations.In the same period a clear tendency of Russia's rapprochement with France and Britain.Nicholas 1 foreign policy was aimed at strengthening the position on the Black Sea coast, as well as to ensure security of the southern borders of the state.Thus, the central place occupied Eastern question, in particular, the interaction with the Ottoman Empire.The Black Sea in the period was of great importance for Russia.

Important issues

One of them was to ensure the most favorable conditions in the Black Sea Straits - the Bosporus and the Dardanelles.Thanks to free passage through their merchant ships going economic development of the southern regions of the state.Nicholas 1 foreign policy has been focused on the Caucasus.Russia has sought to expand its holdings in the area, the final stabilization of borders in the region, ensure the safe and free connection with the newly acquired territories.As a result, it was planned a strong adherence of the Caucasus to the Empire.

Start of the Russian-Persian war

enemy in the conquest of the Caucasus territories acted Iran.In accordance with the peace treaty between it and Russia, the latter established itself in large areas of eastern Transcaucasia and the western part of the Caspian coast.By the 20th of the XIX century, Iran (Persia) began to seek the return of Nagorno-Karabakh and the Talysh Khanate.At the court of Shah formed anti-Russian faction has a sufficiently large force.As a result, war broke out.Commander of Iran had planned one stroke eliminate Russia from the ownership of the Transcaucasian territories.

voltage rise

foreign policy of Nicholas 1 does not imply military action.Came to the throne, the Emperor found quite tense relations between Turkey and Russia.Nevertheless, he considered it inappropriate to start fighting for the Greeks.Initially, Russia along with the United Kingdom has provided diplomatic pressure on Turkey.Early thirties of XIX century was a very rich period as the Middle East, and in the European direction.In 1830-31-ies.Europe has been a wave of revolutions.She touched and Russia.Immediately after completion of the Persian and Turkish wars of the Empire had come into conflict with Poland.The uprising in this country contributed to a revolutionary situation in France and Belgium.As a result, in 1830 we began open unrest in Warsaw.Romanov dynasty declared dethroned in Poland.It formed a provisional government.He created an army of rebels.Initially, they were successful.However, the forces were unequal.Soon the king's troops suppressed the uprising.In accordance with the Decree published Poland was declared an integral part of Russia.By the end of the forties a new, even more terrible wave of revolts rose to Western European territories.In France the Revolution broke out in 1848, in February;Germany, Moldavia, Wallachia, Italy and Austria - in the spring.The events Nicholas 1 is regarded as a direct threat to the autocracy in Russia.It is in this regard, he decided to take an active part in suppressing the revolutionary movement.

postwar period

After the revolutions in Europe of 1848-49-ies.Nicholas 1 activity was aimed at strengthening the strategic position of the Empire.Priority was the issue of the Black Sea straits.Under the agreements in force at the time, the Russian navy has been opened way through the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus.At the same time Nikolai 1 sought to strengthen the political influence in the Balkan Peninsula.Due to Turkey England supposed to strengthen its position in Asia Minor, as well as in Caucasian territories and thus to push Russia out of the shipping lanes.The Crimean War showed the technical and organizational backwardness of the Russian state from the Western countries.

The results of the foreign policy of Nicholas 1

Russia's intervention in the affairs of Europe, the desire to protect the old order provoked outrage liberal circles.Russian monarch even got a nickname.He was nicknamed "the gendarme of Europe."As a result, the peoples and governments of other countries did not like Russia and feared her reaction arrogant king.They were glad of any opportunity to destroy the influence and power of the Empire in European affairs.

In conclusion

above described the foreign policy of Nicholas 1. The table shows the most important events that occurred during his reign.They reflect the essence of the king.