history says that the first Slavic state emerged in the period, dated V century BC.Around this time, the Slavs migrated to the banks of the Dnieper River.It was here that they were divided into two historic branches: Eastern and Balkan.Eastern tribes settled along the Dnieper and the Balkans - have occupied the Balkan Peninsula.Slavic states in the world today occupy a huge territory in Europe and Asia.The peoples who live in them, are becoming less alike, but common roots visible in everything - from the traditions and language to such a fashionable term today as mentality.
Question emergence of statehood Slavs for many years worried scientists.Put forward a lot of theories, each of which may not be devoid of logic.But in order to make it your opinion, need to be familiar with at least basic.
How does the state of the Slavs: the assumption of Varangian
If we talk about the history of the emergence of statehood at the ancient Slavs in these territories, the scientists typically rely on several theories, which would like to see.The most common version now that when the first Slavic state, is considered to be Norman or Varangian theory.It emerged in the late XVIII century in Germany.The founders and inspirer were two German scientists: Theophilus Siegfried Bayer (1694-1738) and Gerhard Friedrich Müller (1705-1783).
In their view, the history of the Slavic states have Nordic roots or Varangian.This conclusion pundits did, thoroughly studied "Tale of Bygone Years" - an ancient opus created by the monk Nestor.There really is a link, dated 862, the year, the fact that the ancient Slavic tribes (krivichi word and Chud) called in their lands to rule Varangian princes.Ostensibly, tired of the endless internecine strife and enemy attacks from the outside, a few Slavic tribes decided to unite under the leadership of Norman, were considered at that time the most experienced and successful in Europe.
In the old days in the development of any public education military experience of his leadership was a higher priority than economic.And in the strength and experience of the northern barbarians, no one doubted.Their combat troops raided almost all the inhabited parts of Europe.Probably, based primarily military success, according to the Norman theory, the ancient Slavs and decided on the invitation to the realm of the Varangian princes.
By the way, the name itself - Russia, allegedly brought exactly Norman princes.Nestor the Chronicler this point quite clearly expressed in the line "... and got the three brothers with their birth, and took with him the whole Rus".However, the last word in this context, according to many historians, represents more fighting squad, in other words - the professional military.It is also worth noting that at the Norman leaders, usually there was a clear separation between civil and military hails generic detachment which was sometimes called "Kirch".In other words, it can be assumed that the three princes moved to the land of the Slavs are not only fighting squads, but also with high-grade families.Since conventional war patrol seven brothers will not, under any circumstances, it is clear of status of the event.Varangian princes took the request very seriously tribes and founded the earliest Slavic states.
«Where have gone the Russian land»
Another interesting theory is that the concept of "Vikings" meant in ancient Russia was a professional military.This testifies once again to the fact that the ancient Slavs bet exactly on militarized leaders.According to the theory of German scientists, which is based on the book of the chronicles of Nestor, a Varangian prince settled near Lake Ladoga, the second settled on the shores of White Lake, the third - in the city Izoborsk.After these actions, according to the chronicler, and formed the earliest Slavic states, and land collectively became known as the Russian land.
Later in his chronicle Nestor recounts the legend of the king's subsequent emergence of the kind of Rurik.It Rurik, the rulers of the Slavic states, and were descendants of the most legendary three princes.They can also be attributed to the first "political leadership elite" ancient Slavic states.After the death of the conditional "founding father", power passed to his next of kin, Oleg, who by intrigues and bribery conquered Kiev, and then joined the North and South Russia into a single state.According to Nestor, it happened in the year 882.As can be seen from the record, the establishment of the state was due to the successful "external control" Vikings.
Russian - who is this?
However, scientists are still arguing about the real nationality of the people so named.Proponents of the Norman theory believe that the word "Russia" went from the Finnish word "ruotsi", which the Finns called the Swedes in the IX century.Interesting is also the fact that the majority of Russian ambassadors who were in Byzantium had Scandinavian names: Charles, Iengeld, Farlof, Veremund.These names were recorded in the treaties with Byzantium, dated 911- 944 years.Yes, and the first rulers of Russia were purely Scandinavian names - Igor, Olga, Rurik.
One of the most serious arguments in favor of the Norman theory of what the Slavic state, considered in reference to the Russian Western "Bertinskih annals."It particularly noted that the 839-year Byzantine emperor sent an embassy to his Frankish colleague Louis I. In the delegation there were representatives of the "people's growing."The bottom line is that Louis the Pious decided that "Russia" - Swedes.
950 th year of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus in his book "On the management of the Empire," said some of the famous names of the Dnieper rapids are very Scandinavian roots.Finally, a lot of Muslim travelers and geographers in their opuses belonging to IX-X centuries, clearly separate "tiers" of the Slavs "Sakaliba."All these facts are gathered together, the German scientist helped build the so-called Norman theory about how any Slavic state.
patriotic theory of the origin of the state
main ideologist of the second theory is the Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov.Slavic theory of the origin of the state is also called "autochthonous theory."Studying the Norman theory, Lomonosov saw flawed reasoning of German scientists in the inability of the Slavs to the self-organization, which led to the external management from Europe.A true patriot, MVLomonosov questioned the whole theory, deciding to study this historical puzzle himself.Over time, it formed the so-called theory of the Slavic origin of the state, based on a complete denial of the "Norman."
So what are the main defenders of the counter led the Slavs?The main argument is the assertion that the name "Rus" is etymologically not associated with ancient Novgorod or with Ladoga.It refers rather to the Ukraine (in particular, the Middle Dnieper).As proof of the ancient names of bodies of water are located in the area - Ros, Roos, Rostavitsa.Studying the Syrian "Church History", translated Zachary rhetoricians, Slavic adherents of the theory have found mention of the people who called Hros or "Rus".These tribes settled just south of Kiev.The manuscript was founded in the year 555.In other words, the events that it describes have been long before the arrival of the Scandinavians.
second counterargument is considered serious and no mention of Russia in the ancient Norse sagas.They were piled up quite a lot, and they are, in fact, based the entire ethnic group folk modern Scandinavian countries.It's hard not to agree with the statements of those historians who say that at least in the early time of the historical sagas must have a minimum coverage of the events.Scandinavian names of ambassadors, who rely on the supporters of the Norman theory, too, is one hundred percent not specify the nationality of the holders.According to historians, the Swedish delegates could very well represent the Russian princes in distant countries.
Criticism Norman theory
doubtful and Scandinavian representation of statehood.The fact that in the described period, the Nordic countries as such does not exist.This fact causes a fair amount of skepticism that the Vikings - it is the first rulers of the Slavic states.It is unlikely that the leaders of Scandinavian visitors, without examining the construction of its own power, would be to arrange something in foreign lands.
Academician Rybakov, talking about the origin of the Norman theory, expressed his opinion about the general competence of the weak contemporary historians, who believed, for example, that the transition of several tribes in other lands creates preconditions for the development of the state, and for some decades.In fact, the formation of statehood and can last for centuries.The main historical basis upon which the German historians, suffers quite strange inaccuracies.
Slavic state, according to Nestor the Chronicler, formed over decades.Often, he equates the founders and power, replacing these concepts.Experts believe that such discrepancies are explained mythological thinking of Nestor.Therefore peremptory interpretation of his chronicle is very doubtful.A variety of theories
Another noteworthy theory of the emergence of statehood in ancient Iran called Slavic.According to her, at the time of formation of the first state, there are two branches of the Slavs.One, which was called the Rus-Obodrits or rugi living in the lands of the current states.Other Russell in the Black Sea region and took its origin from the Iranian and Slavic tribes.The convergence of these two "versions" of the people, according to the theory, will create a single Slavic state Rus.
interesting hypothesis, which was later promoted to the theory proposed NAS academician V. Sklyarenko.According to him, Novgorod turned to Varangians-Balts, called Ruthenia, or tiers.The term "Ruthenians" comes from the people of one of the Celtic tribes, took part in the formation of an ethnic group on the island of Ruegen Slavs.In addition, according to the academician, at precisely the time period already existed Black Sea Slavic tribes, whose descendants were Zaporozhye Cossacks.This theory is called - Celtic-Slavic.
search of compromise
should be noted that from time to time appear compromise formation theory of Slavic statehood.That is the version offered to the Russian historian V. Klyuchevskii.According to him, the Slavic states were the most fortified city at the time.In them the foundations of commercial, industrial and political entities.Moreover, according to historians, there were whole "urban areas", which are small states.
second political and state form the time they were most belligerent Varangian principality, referred to in the Norman theory.According Kliuchevskoi, namely the merger of powerful conglomerates and urban militias Vikings led to the formation of Slavic states (Grade 6 school calls this state of Kievan Rus).This theory, which insisted and Ukrainian historians A. Efimenko and I. Krypiakevych, called the Slavic-Varangian.It is somewhat reconciled Orthodox representatives both directions.
In turn, Academician Vernadsky also questioned the Norman origin of the Slavs.According to him, the formation of the Eastern Slavic tribes should be considered in the "Rus" - the modern Kuban.Academician believed that the Slavs got this name from the ancient name "Roksolana" or light Alans.In the 60-ies of XX century Ukrainian archaeologist DT Berezovets suggested considering Russ Alanian population of the pallet.Today it is also considering this hypothesis and the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.
no such ethnic group - the Slavs
American professor O.Pritsak offered a completely different version of what the Slavic state, and what - no.It is not based on any of these assumptions and has its own logical basis.According Pritsak, Slavs as such did not exist on ethnic and national grounds.The land on which formed Kievan Rus, has been a crossroads of trade and commercial routes between East and West.People living in these places were a kind of warrior-merchants who provided security trade caravans of other traders, and fitted out in a way their carts.
other words, the history of the Slavic states based on some trade and military representatives of the community of interests of different nations.It is the synthesis of nomads and pirates was subsequently ethnic basis of the future state.Quite a controversial theory, especially when you consider that it put forward the scientist lived in the country, whose history goes back almost 200 years.
against her sharp criticism made by many Russian and Ukrainian historians, who jarred even the name - "Volga - Russian Khanate."According to the Americans, it was the first formation of Slavic states (Grade 6 are unlikely to have to familiarize themselves with such a controversial theory).Nevertheless, it has a right to exist and called Khazar.
About Kievan Rus
After reviewing all the theories becomes clear that the first serious Slavic state was Kievan Rus formed approximately in the IX century.Formation of powers took place in stages.Until 882 years merge and merge under a single authority glades, Drevlyane, words, dregovechey and Polotsk.The Union of Slavic countries marked by the merger of Kiev and Novgorod.
After seizing power in Kiev, Oleg started the second, early feudal stage of development of Kievan Rus.It takes an active connection of previously unknown areas.Thus, in 981, the state expanded by the Eastern Slav lands up to the San River.In the 992-m and were conquered Croatian lands lying on both slopes of the Carpathian Mountains.By 1054 the power of Kiev has spread to almost all the Eastern Slavic tribes, and the city became known in the "mother of Russian cities."
interesting that in the second half of XI century, the state began to disintegrate into separate principalities.However, this period did not last long, and before the common danger in the face of these trends Polovtsian stopped.But later, due to the strengthening of feudal centers and increasing the combat power of the nobility, Kievan Rus still falls into fiefdoms.In 1132 began a period of feudal fragmentation.This situation, as we know, there was up to the Baptism of All Russia.The idea of a single state has become popular then.
symbolism of Slavic states
Modern Slavic states are very diverse.They are distinguished not only by nationality or language, and public policy, and the level of patriotism, and the degree of economic development.Nevertheless, the Slavs easier to understand each other - still leaving the roots in the mists of time form the same mentality that denies all known "rational" scientists, but which surely say sociologists and psychologists.
Even if we consider the Slavic states flags, you can see a certain regularity and similarity of the color palette.There is such a thing - Pan-Slavic colors.For the first time talking about them at the end of the XIX century at the First Slavic Congress in Prague.Supporters of the idea of unification of all Slavs offered to take tricolor with equal horizontal stripes of blue, white and red as its flag.Rumor that model served as a banner of the Russian merchant fleet.So whether it's actually - it is very difficult to prove, but the flags of Slavic countries are often characterized by the smallest details, not colors.
