In the history of ancient Egypt early dynastic period - a period that covers the reign of I-II dynasties.With regard to the Old Kingdom, it represented the reign of III-IV dynasties.The bulk of the information relating to this period came to modern humans in the form of inscriptions and reliefs (painted colors).They cover the walls of the inner chambers of tombs of nobles of ancient Egypt.
Agriculture in Ancient Egypt: History
Agriculture in the period was the foundation of the economy.Agriculture in ancient Egypt was considered particularly important for the development of the country.This is due to the level of technological progress and the features of the natural environment.Thus, farmers in ancient Egypt had huge potential for productivity growth.People had the need to develop the annual floods of the river.It could play an important role in the development of the economy.What would constitute a valley of the Nile, if it were not for its irrigation and drainage?It would be in the midst of the furnace of nisin quicksand.
development in the Neolithic
ancient agricultural tribes were unable to borrow the skills of growing crops in the Near East.Also, they did not interact with the population of Mesopotamia, Palestine and Yemen.This could play an important role in the development of the economy of the Old Kingdom.In Ethiopia, the first traces of agriculture date back to the III millennium BC.e.Perhaps the wild cereals could be in North Africa.For this country in the Neolithic period were characterized by wet weather conditions.Thus, scientists can infer that the ancient farmers in Egypt to develop its activities by an independent.
main stimulating factors
Farmers in ancient Egypt faced with deteriorating environmental conditions, which certainly affected their lives.This is the highlands to the east and west of the Nile.This factor may reflect the fact that the ancient farmers in Egypt were forced to rapidly settle on the banks of the river and to deal with thickets of valleys and swamps.Enhanced stone tools, as well as brass instruments appeared.Through this ancient farmers in Egypt could be made of stone and wood set of tools that were necessary for the appropriate performance and cutting bushes (axes, adzes, hoes).Due to this, the labor productivity increased substantially.Along the banks of the Nile on a natural hill Archaeologists have discovered settlements of early farmers, who belong to the second pre-dynastic period.They switched to a settled way of life.Ancient farmers in Egypt have learned to use the powerful flood of the river for their needs.They constructed primitive shafts that held on the fields of spilled water.
further development
complex system pools appeared not at once.It was the result of painful and hard work, as well as the experience of drainage activities in the valley and the Nile Delta.The formation of this system was going step by step.Gradually constructed dams, shafts and so on.Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that Neal provides all Ancient Egypt.Agriculture continues to develop.In order to create a system of irrigation basins, observant members of this craft have used the topography of the country and the specificity of the water regime of the river.Nile overflowed each year.It is a regular occurrence from June to October.Flooding of the Nile out of bed and down to the coast flooded desert highlands.These areas while different savanna steppe vegetation.
Features tool
in early kingdom they were, in essence, the same as in ancient.As for the last period, it is possible that the guns were a little more perfect.Many different devices invented by people who inhabited ancient Egypt.Agriculture developed and contributed to the creation of new instruments.Plough primitive type depicted in writings, drawings, which date back to the II dynasty.The monument to the king shows hoe.In one of the tombs belonging to the middle of the I dynasty, it was found dozens of wooden sickles with plug blades from pieces of flint.As for grinding grain, it is done manually.Also survived coarse grater.They consisted of two stones between which grain titrated.Most of the Corn plants that have been at the time of the Old Kingdom, were known to the Egyptians, and during the early.This also applies to the fig tree, date palm, vines and other.Among the vegetables, too, were hardly new species (lettuce, cucumbers, garlic, onions, root vegetables, and so on).
Features of creation of irrigation systems
known that flax was quite developed even before the times of the Old Kingdom.Regarding the creation of an irrigation system, it required exceptional skills and great work.In addition, it was necessary in-depth knowledge of the construction business, hydraulics, mathematics and astronomy.As mentioned earlier, agriculture is entirely based on basin irrigation system.Accordingly, the annual cycle of workers depended on the water regime of the Nile.
invention agricultural calendar
Farmers (later astronomers) from ancient times watching the first sunrise in the early stars of Sirius.This marked the beginning of a new year, and accompanied by a raising of the Nile waters.Based on these observations, the Egyptians were able to devise agricultural calendar.It is fully consistent with the water regime of the Nile.The names of the seasons reflect the essence of agricultural work.
organizational issues
workers were free to dispose of their land.Allowed donation, sale and testament.A nobleman could have several governors.They, in turn, were the principal managers of farms.In the fields during planting and harvest workers' labor forces.Judging by the surviving images, they consisted entirely of men.Trend was women's work.If the nobleman was nomarhi, and the reapers are not enough, then to help their own troops he could bring "royal" people.It is about farmers communes.Paul, too, slaves were treated.
