for 17th century history of Russia has become critical.It marked the beginning of a smooth transition to the new time.The government changed both politically and culturally.Russian tsars began to draw his attention to the West.Next, consider what a culture of Russia in the 18th century.Summary of the features of its rapid growth will also be presented in the article.
General
Russian culture of the 18th century was crucial in the development of the state.This century of enlightenment and reason.So it spoke of the great thinkers of the time.Culture of Russia 17-18 century, is considered the heyday era of great socio-historical and ideological shifts.The latter is also marked by a struggle with religious dogma and feudal-monarchical foundations.
main manifestations
Culture of Russia in the 18th century stands out the approval of the spirit of freedom and the spread of materialistic outlook.This is most clearly reflected in literature, science, philosophy.In short, representation activities of major writers, philosophers and scientists of that time.It is about Radishcheva Lomonosov, Schiller, Goethe, Lessing, Rousseau, Voltaire, Holbach, Diderot, and so on.
main features of
Culture of Russia 17-18 century - a significant turning point, from which a new period for the state.It is impossible not to take into account the three-century Mongol conquest.Because of him, the culture of Russia 16-18 century as it was in isolation.In addition, it should be noted the influence of the Orthodox Church, which is at pains to isolate Russia from the "Western" and "heretical."This also applies to the cultural life, morals and education.Nevertheless, the Russian culture in the 18th century embarked on the development of Europe.She gradually began to be freed from the medieval shackles.
Features familiarizing Europe
The remarkable Russian culture of the 18th century?This period of development, first of all, secular art, as well as a decisive victory over the rationalist outlook ascetic and uncompromising dogmas of religious morality.Culture of Russia in the 18th century (pictures will be shown below) gave a "secular" art of the right to public recognition.It begins to take a more important role.It is about creating new foundations of society and the system of civic education.However, the Russian culture in the 18th century could not deny his past.Yes, Russian leaders attached to the rich spiritual heritage of Europe.At the same time, they did not forget about local indigenous traditions that have accumulated over a long period of artistic and historical development.The same applies to the experience of ancient art.What is so interesting Russian culture of the 18th century?Briefly reviewing its development, we can see that it is characterized by a deep continuity of generations.Because of this, it has firmly established itself in music, theater, painting, architecture, poetry and literature.At the end of the century Russian art reached unprecedented heights.
General assessment
Culture of Russia in the 18th century experienced significant changes.This is clearly evidenced by the fact that for the first time in the country the secular (secular) music came out of the areas of oral traditions.It has become highly professional art.Culture of Russia in the 18th century (table presented in this article provides information on some of the most striking events of that time) was at its peak due to major transformations in all spheres of society.We are talking about the reforms that were carried out in the era of Peter I. The data transformation radically changed the entire social and cultural structure of the country."Domostroevskogo" usages church and scholastic philosophy of the Middle Ages began to crumble.It touched many areas of the developing culture of 18th-century Russia.Life of the people, traditions, customs - everything and everyone undergoes changes.Due to political developments in others reinforce a sense of national pride, and his sense of power and greatness of the state.The marked 19, the 18th century?Culture of Russia received the invaluable contribution made by Russian musicians.This is an opera singer, performer and composer, most of which came from the people.They had to solve a very difficult problem.They had to quickly learn that Western artists have accumulated over the centuries.
main periods of development
Culture of Russia in the 18th century briefly divided into three main stages:
- first quarter of the century (the reforms of Peter).
- 30-60-ies.They were marked by the growth of the national culture, as well as a big breakthrough in the field of art, literature and science.However, significant efforts estates oppression.
- last third of the century.It is characterized by the growth of government, a significant democratization of Russian culture, the aggravation of social contradictions and major social upheavals.
Features Education
This period is characterized by a general increase in literacy in Russia.However, if we draw parallels with Western Europe, the level of education we have significantly lagged behind.With regard to the social composition of the students, it was very colorful.The same can be said of the age.The considerable contribution to the progression of Education made a soldier of the school.
Features of the development of science
many great events enriched the history of Russia (18th century).Culture has contributed to the development of Russian society.Science is beginning to be released from the shackles of medieval scholasticism.For her, it was a kind of revival.Tags characteristic then gave Engels.He believed that this is the era that needed Titans and created for those learning, versatility, character, passion and power of thought.At the same time, and the science needed "creators".Thus, the discovery of world importance were committed in the Russian Academy of Mathematics and Euler, Bernoulli, and also a chemist and physicist Lomonosov.
main contribution
Studies conducted by scientists and foreigners who were invited to the St. Petersburg Academy, also influenced the development of world and Russian science.However, the latter was not created by their efforts.The same can be said of the "enlightened" monarchy.Domestic science was created by the Russian people.These are the people "of different rank and title," among which are the following:
- II slide (soldier's son).
- MI Serdyukov (Kalmyk construction and hydraulics) - created "ognedeystvuyuschuyu" machine, is the first Russian heating engineer.
- AK Nartov (Turner).
- I. Lepyokhin, VF Zuev, SP Krashennikov (soldiers' children) - were among the first Russian academicians.
- ME Golovin (soldier's son) - mathematician.
This is the true creator of science in the Russian land.
contribution Lomonosov
His discoveries and ingenious conjecture greatly stand out among all the achievements of Russian science.He relied on the experience, practice and live materialistic estimated the world.M. Lomonosov sought to deep creative generalization.He wanted to know the secrets of nature.This scientist is the founder of physical chemistry and atomic theory.
more information
Fundamentals of scientific biology were laid in the second half of the XVIII century.At this time, Exit first Russian Medical Journal.This is the "St. Petersburg medical statements."
Historical science: the main features
second quarter of a century - the time of formation of history as a science.Collect and publish certain publications.Many nobles, historians have tried to engage in such activities.Of great interest for society today is the history of Russia (18th century).Culture Empire continued to grow rapidly.VNTatischev is the largest explorer of the past.He began work on the "History of the Russian."It was his attempt to describe the events connected with the aristocratic point of view.Note that this work became the basis for many scientists.In particular, this applies to the Lomonosov and his "Ancient Russian history."Also do not forget M. Shcherbatova and his work "History of Russia from ancient times", which traced the desire to exalt the nobility and serfdom justify the privilege of "higher" class.The author was terrified peasant war led by Pugachev.It is understood that the popular uprisings and movements are inevitable, but at the same time condemned them.I. Boltin - another historian of the nobility.Critic, insightful, thoughtful scholar, he also studied the history of not only the nobility, but also other sectors of society - artisans, merchants and clergy.But his works glorify the autocratic power of the king and the feudal system.
Major achievements
Russian science developed as part of the world.At the same time Russian scientists perceived achieve their Western colleagues from the creative point of view.In addition, they have developed a significant impact on the world scientific thought.As regards the overall level of its development, it was slightly lower than Western Europe.Therefore, each new achievement becomes much more important.Scientists from other countries were well aware of the publications of the Russian Academy of Sciences.It should also be noted that these successes have not turned into a treasure of the laboring masses.They were cut off from it.Interests of the masses were far from science and education.With regard to the autocracy, the powers that feared the spread of knowledge.The people expressed their artistic performances and socio-political views are different.It is about the applied arts, and oral work.
Features Architecture
start making innovations in the construction industry is still in the Petrine era.Like all Russian culture in the 18th century, the architecture is undergoing significant changes.The architectural structures are designed to express the greatness and power of the empire.Due to the political and economic development of the country is changing and civil engineering.Arsenal in Kremlin, Great Stone Bridge - the most famous buildings of the period.
development architecture
first architectural school was organized in Moscow Ukhtomskiy.MF Kazakov and V. Bazhenov studied under his leadership.Petrine era marks the construction of the new capital.To this end, invited architects victuals.It is about Rastrelli and Trezzini.The new capital was conceived as a regular town.However, she had to have a long radial avenues and ensembles of quarters, squares and streets.Trezzini was the author of residential buildings for several categories of the population:
- "ordinary" people.
- "well-off" citizens.
- "eminent" people.
These public works are simple style.For large objects can be ranked as the Peter and Paul Cathedral.Among the public buildings are the following:
- Admiralty.
- Exchange.
- Gostiny Dvor.
Petersburg were built together with many other facilities.In particular, this refers to the country palace with the famous park assemblies.It is, first and foremost, on the Peterhof.As for the style of Russian baroque, the huge contribution to its development work has brought father and son Rastrelli.The first is an Italian sculptor.He was involved in the decorative elaboration of Peterhof.His son is already a Russian architect.He - the author of many important works, among which are the following:
- Smolny Convent.
- Palaces: Catherine, the Great Winter.
development of architecture in the second half of the century
The Russian classicism architecture replaced the Baroque.At the turn of 19-18 century saw a flowering of culture of Russia in this direction.There were also representatives of classicism.These include architects I. Starov, MF Kazakov and V. Bazhenov.Recent work in St. Petersburg and Moscow.They have made a significant contribution to the construction of facilities such as:
- Mikhailovsky Castle.
- Noble Assembly.
- Senate in the Moscow Kremlin.
- palace and park ensemble (meaning Tsaritsyno).
oldest is the author of the Alexander Nevsky Monastery and Trinity Cathedral.To the main values of classicism is the ensemble.Among the features of its organization can be distinguished:
- Straight rows of columns.
- Compliance with strict symmetry.
- straight line.
Palace Square (architect Carlo Rossi) is a prime example of this trend.The surviving buildings of that period are now not only the decoration of the city - is a masterpiece of global significance.
Art: Features of
Art culture of 18th century Russia is also changing.This period was the heyday of portrait painting.The most famous painters of the time of Peter may include the following:
- Ivan Nikitin.
- Andrei Matveev.
They are considered the founders of Russian secular painting.There has been a turning point in the late 20s.At court began to dominate the direction of painting.The best portraitists of the period considered:
- VL Borovikovsky.
- DT Levitsky.
- FS Roars.
- AP Antropov.
classical sculpture in the direction shown by the following figures:
- Mikhail Kozlovsky.
- Fyodor Shubin.
Hermitage (the richest art collections in the world) and was formed in XVIII century.Its basis is a private collection of paintings of the Empress Elizabeth.
Features lifestyle metropolitan residents
It occurred dramatic changes.This was especially easy to see in Moscow and St. Petersburg.Also highlights some of the other great cities of the country.The nobles began to build palaces for himself.Popular places for this was the Nevsky Prospekt and Palace Embankment.Facilities were built directly along the canals flowing into the river.On the banks of the Neva became flaunt granite embankments.All this work is in full swing after the relevant decree of the empress.Also worth noting is that the notorious grille of the Summer Garden because of it.By the end of the century fashion in St. Petersburg has changed.Here, many carried away by the content of aristocratic salons.Here you can hear it or French to take part in discussions about art, literature and politics.In these stores began to shine a lot of personality.In particular, this applies to Russian literary celebrities.Nifty crews passed the luxurious mansions located on Nevsky Prospekt.There often walked smartly dressed inhabitants and officers of the Guards.
Moscow, too, has undergone significant changes.It is worth noting that the St. Petersburg glitz and wealth were not here.However, Moscow is not going to know to keep up with new trends of the time.The chaotic development of the city stopped, the streets began to level off.It should be noted that these innovations do not capture the entire state.Rather, quite the contrary.They are even more emphasized the poverty of Russian life, tradition and general stagnation.A huge area of national life was left out of urban civilization.This primarily refers to the village and the village.As in urban areas, there is clearly felt significant differences in the features of lifestyle and living conditions.The nobility continued to be part of the rural population.After the release of the relevant decrees (Letters Patent and liberties) representatives of the estate free from compulsory military and civil service.Thus, a significant part of the nobility began to organize rural life, settled in their estates and began to do housework.As for the main part of this class, it was presented to the landlords "middling" and owners of rural estates.In this regard, we can safely conclude that the nobles were not separated from the peasant life something irresistible.Their estates lived servants, and the servants are people with whom they can communicate.Representatives of two different classes for many years were side by side.Thus, there was contact with the same popular culture, beliefs, customs and traditions.Nobles could be treated by traditional healers, steam bath and drink the same infusion as the peasants.Also worth noting is that a significant part of this was a low-class or illiterate all.There is quite appropriate to recall Ms. Prost Fonvizina.
