What Russian does not hear what the Kizhi churchyard Kizhi?Of course, once there are familiar with the association of childhood: a unique museum of peasant culture of the Russian North, the complex of original Russian log churches, whose walls were built without nails.The unique architectural ensemble of the Church of the XVIII century, built on an island made of wood, is considered the property of the World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO criteria.It must be admitted that Russia did not survive anywhere else such a large construction-works of folk wooden architecture (although in the XIX century they were quite numerous).
Characteristically, people, little familiar with the history of Karelia, the name of the museum, as a rule, is puzzling."And where is the word churchyard?" - Asks a young man admiringly examining wooden arched entrances, ribbed log walls, magnificent scaly dome."And not that it!" - Words Zhvanetskogo answer.This is an original old Russian sense of the ancient word.On the Karelian land in XIII - XV centuries, so when something like that was called an administrative center, spontaneously evolved on several tens or even hundreds of surrounding villages.And it is content with the status as a center of Kizhi extensive Spassky Kizhi.
Next aforementioned notion of petty and start changing its original meaning.It is "rooted" as a characteristic to a large village (not necessarily the administrative center, but with his church and the cemetery.) And only at the end of the XVIII century it became a lonely church cemetery beside her.
Kizhi - the phenomenon of popular, community
As history shows, Kizhi churchyard united about 130 villages roundabout.And the biggest of them - Velikaya Guba, Kosmozero, Sennaya Guba, Tipinitsy - and currently are active settlements.These historic villages rich current of Karelia.Attractions of the local architecture - purely national know-how.Until the XVIII century on this earth was made a decision to build is not the Reigning authorities and the community, part of which were the merchants - the main sponsors.The best craftsmen were taken for the construction of temples for them to show confidence in the villages.They were, as a rule, people "with the concept" and the name of the construction are building, as if singing a song.Only it was not the purpose of their approval of the jury or any casting.No, they had a much more valuable incentive: public respect, unmistakably marking the most deserving.This period - the stage of "community architecture" - you can call the flowering of Russian wooden architecture.
specific nature of Karelia
identity landscapes and spectacular scenery famous Karelia.Attractions of this area are widely known.The local nature is called steadfast and lake-forest.Taiga grows from the local rocky ground.Heritage of Karelia is one of the biggest lakes in Europe - Ladoga area to Reach 17,700 km2 and Onega (9900 m2).
Less than 70 kilometers from its capital, the city of Petrozavodsk, lapped by the waters of Lake Onega, is the island of Kizhi (in the old Russian "Kizhi" means "merrymaking".) The nearest town on the way to the architectural museum, geographically relating to Medvezhyegorskp-well, - the village of Velikaya Guba.
Welcome to the Kizhi!
Daily architectural museum that is open to all who wish to visit him in the summer from eight to eight, in the winter - from 1000 until 1600. Historically, the island of Kizhi can be called a cult place, which was used for sending holiday of the Christian rites.Here peasants going on holidays, and after the staged festivities.
Island nature harmoniously complements the work of human hands, charming visitors intricacies of rocky islands with blue bays between them.If you use the services of cartography, you can see: Kizhi on the map Russia are not connected to the mainland by roads.However, the island, thanks to water transport is widely available.Hundreds of thousands of Russian and foreign tourists every year visit this wonderful area.By the way, the historical and architectural complex is the first of Kizhi open-air museum, opened in Russia.
If you decide to teplokhodnye cruise from St. Petersburg to the capital of the ancient architecture, the map of the island of Kizhi you will get a gift.From May to December, and here you can get to the "Meteor" and "Comet", departing from Petrozavodsk to Water Station.
navigation between tourists from the upper lip (which can be reached by car) deliver boats entrepreneurs.Thrill vnenavigatsionny in the period when the lake is frozen, used to go skiing and exotic travel - dog sledding.
Russian hospitality
arrived on the island, guests are able to choose one of three two-hour tours.The first - on the main architectural complex (small circle).The idea is to review the second Russian and Karelian folk wooden architecture (large circle).The third introduces the villages of the island.The local villages are equipped with three exhibition platforms "Pryazha Karely", "Russian Zaonezhye", "Russian Pudozh."Historic village Vasilyev and Fossa also possess unique architectural structures.
Administration museum also organized numerous additional review, interactive, thematic tours for all visitors of Kizhi.Architecture, of course, is the main attraction for the local tourists, and not only Russian, but also from abroad.By the way, the ancient religious buildings of the island, since the 50s of the last century, restored and supplemented reconstructed log buildings necessary for housekeeping.Therefore, in addition to the main exhibition, visitors can see the environment in which this took place on the island of the spiritual and economic life of the peasants.For a deeper dive into the life of a Russian village XVII - XVIII centuries, the administration of the museum-reserve organized "Days of crafts, folk fun and games" acts folklore and ethnographic theater, handicrafts fair, and in the late summer of Kizhi regatta starts.
People's wooden architecture - the heritage of Karelia Kizhi
as one of the largest in Russia architectural conservation areas, is very proud of Karelia.Things to Russian folk architecture of the region, however, is not determined only by the said exposure;Here it is also represented on the island of Lake Ladoga (Valaam Monastery).It was once visited by Russian emperors.There visited Alexander Dumas.Many great Russian painters (Vasiliev, kuindzhi Shishkin), poets and writers (Tiutchev, Leskov, Shmelev) drew inspiration here.In other words, the map of Karelia with the sights (and not just architecture - there are also nature reserves and national parks) to help the tourists to choose their interesting program.
Ensemble churches
But back to the main topic of this article.The uniqueness of Kizhi is determined by the world's only multicipital Transfiguration Church, built the traditional way for Russia - without a single nail.Next to her for the performance of services in the winter (north after all) is another mnogokupolny temple heated - Church of the Intercession of the Virgin.The third most important building is the magnificent ensemble of the Kizhi churchyard belfry.Around these three objects of Russian folk architecture now restored fence, but not from the logs, as it was originally, and of boulders.
Historically the powerful high fence is an essential requisite of the Russian border with Sweden churchyard.The single system with the above buildings is the other guard towers - chapels of the island of Kizhi, located in the iconic places of the surrounding island terrain.
Legend of the architect Nestor
story about this amazing lacy architecture of wood still want to start with a legend.After Kizhi Pogost - is a land of legends, one of which introduces us to the man of remarkable talent, create a real man-made miracle - an amazing 22-domed church.Do not have ancient builders to erect it, no "nice family trees" or public status.Erased in the thickness of the century and their biographies and family.But the name of the surprising Russian master Nestor still extant.
According to popular legend, he defined the place for the construction of the Church of Transfiguration, ignoring carried through his designation by land in the middle of juniper.Here prolamyvayas through thickets (in mysterious ways creativity), bypassing the Kizhi churchyard, he found the holy book, reading is carried out day and night.
The sunrise master, looking up from the book pages in the middle of the droplets of dew on the grass picture of the future temple noticed ... then announced as snapped: "we will build here!»
When the miracle-church was built from speciallyprepared planks of pine, spruce, aspen, without the use of nails, admired Nestor made a bizarre act, as if summing up the line acquired professionalism.On the eve of the consecration of their offspring got the dome with his faithful consecrated ax looked Kizhi churchyard, tied a scarlet ribbon on the cross.Then he threw the ax into the lake and pronounced that the Church of the Transfiguration - the most beautiful temple in the world, and like it will never happen.In the future, the architect erected more temples are not, despite numerous requests.So he decided to - to get away from the work at a very high note.Do not you have to do a true Master?
Transfiguration Church
This 37-meter temple, founded in 1714, is classified as a tier octagonal church.It was built to replace a wooden church predecessor, burnt by lightning.The grounds of the building is the "octagon" - octagonal frame with four hole, pointing in all directions.On top of the lower "octagon" put two more, but smaller in diameter.The lower frame is located on the primitive foundation - stone Zabirko.Outside corners were cut "in oblo" internal - "paw" of pine.Plowshares and "barrel" Heads dome made of aspen.All this - the local tree species growing on the island of Kizhi.Karelia is also nice special icon painting "Northern Letters".In this technique, we made a couple of the early icons of the Transfiguration Church ("Veil" and "The Transfiguration», XVII century), who first adorned the altar, which is in the east and cut through the pentagon-shaped.He - The four-hundred and adorned with two icons.
refectory as a log adjacent to the main building.Roofs cut through and octagons decorated with twenty-two chapters.The outlines of this building familiar to every citizen of the Republic of Karelia.Kizhi Island is literally spiritualized this church is equally beautiful from all sides.
winter Church of the Intercession of the Virgin
This temple is built on a half-century later followed suit for the Transfiguration Church - in 1764.The idea of its construction - continue the cycle of the Orthodox service in the winter season (the church heatable).Its building was erected by architects popular as a natural extension of summer temple architecture.She mnogokupolna eight chapters are organized around her ninth major.However, in all its appearance felt that the temple - an architectural reflection of the Transfiguration.His sophisticated enough elements, he is only the second emphasizes the uniqueness of the dominant architectural complex.
This church on Kizhi island built in a pragmatic and simple.It is decorated with, perhaps, only the pediment zone, having the teeth structure.
entrance to the temple is traditionally located on the west side, respectively, the altar - to the east.Are included in the first passage, and then in the refectory.The purpose of this room is a separate place for the mundane conversations about the pressing economic flock and other matters to deal with significant numbers of people.Here there were jury trials, the king decrees were announced.This is followed, in fact, the very premise of the temple, intended to fulfill the prayer service - a chapel.It - the most spacious and roomy, its volume is formed by frame, connected by the scheme below - "bushel", at the top - "the octagon".It is equipped with tyablovym iconostasis.Altar is equipped as the fourth most eastern room.It is a pentagonal frame, during the height of which is built elongated structure - a barrel, ending the ninth head of the Church of the Intercession of the Virgin.All the church windows have: in the hall and the altar - two;in the chapel and refectory - four (for natural lighting).The interior is decorated propyl thread through the central element of which - an Orthodox cross.
Belfry
architectural ensemble of Kizhi is harmoniously complemented by a third building - belfry.Driving it is traditional for the construction of wooden architecture: bottom "bushel" top "the octagon".The three tiers (through floors) divided by its internal structure."Chetverik" cut through the north and south entrances, each equipped with a porch.From the east and west are arched psevdoportaly, repeating the form of operating.The lower tier, "bushel", is divided into porch, pyatimarshevuyu staircase and a storage room.Above the "octagon" is the bell tower, inside of which - 9 pillars.The building is crowned with a cupola Ploughshare Orthodox cross on top.
Current restoration
churchyard Kizhi now undergoing restoration, dedicated to the three hundred year anniversary of the Church of Transfiguration, which is celebrated in 2014.By this time it performed about 70% of the project.Completion is planned it in 3-4 years.It supervises the architectural center "Zaonezhie" producing work Vitaly Skopin.However, the company also employs carpenter Center Museum and St. Petersburg company "ALEKON."Last year, the Commission of UNESCO, who arrived at the site of the works and praised their quality, qualifying it as the international that inspired workers.
Previously the church was reinforced metal frame.What, in fact, saved it from destruction.Initially, the builders have strengthened the foundation and the lower zone, the biggest, because their level is the refectory.At present, work is carried out on the fourth and fifth levels.Builders possible retain historical logs, replacing a new defective as a result of decay or erosion.There is only 35%, which means that the restored Church of the Transfiguration on 65% will consist of the historical tree.
Conclusion
ancient center Spassky Kizhi, located on the island of Kizhi is quite compact, is now going through a phase of revival.The reason for this is the growing public awareness of the importance of preserving the continuity of the historical heritage, in the end, his roots.
how to form Zaonezhye spirituality, morality of people who inhabit it?Of course, in line with the creative factor of civilization, who later called the great Pushkin laconically - "Russian spirit".
It was he who generates the special take-off folk art, which show architectural monuments of wooden architecture, decorated the island of Kizhi (photo attached).
