In order to well understand the features of Russian culture at the turn of XIX-XX centuries. You need to have an idea about the nature of domestic law, economics and politics of the period.It is of key importance.The role of Russian culture can not be overstated.Thanks to Peter's reforms in the Empire established an absolute monarchy, and the legislative support of the bureaucracy.This is particularly reflected in the "Golden Age" of Catherine II.
Events beginning of the XIX century
century saw the ministerial reform of Alexander I. In practice, it is carried out in order to strengthen the feudal-absolutist order.At the same time it is necessary to consider the impact of a new "spirit of the times."First of all, it can be traced reflection of the French Revolution on the entire Russian culture.The love of liberty is one of its archetypes.It is celebrated throughout the Russian poetry from Pushkin Tsvetaeva and finishing.After the Ministry had been established, there was a further bureaucratization of management.In addition, to improve the central office of the Russian Empire.The establishment of the State Council - an essential element of the Europeanization and modernization of the whole system.Its primary functions are to ensure consistency of legal norms and the centralization of legislative affairs.
Golden Age
Russian culture of the late 19th - early 20th century it developed very intensively.The strong effect on the process had advanced Western thought and the world revolutionary progress.Also said the close relationship of Russian culture with others.This was the period when the French developed utopian socialism and the German classical philosophy.These ideas have become very popular in the state.Russian culture of the early 19th century was strongly influenced by the heritage left over from previous generations.New shoots of creativity in literature went up thanks to him.This also applies to the field of culture, art and poetry.Works of Fyodor Dostoevsky, P. Melnikov-Pechersky, Leskov and Gogol penetrated by the religious traditions of ancient cultures.Also, we should mention the work of other literary geniuses, whose attitude to the Orthodox currents were more controversial.We are talking about Blok, L. Tolstoy, Pushkin, and so on.Their works can be traced an indelible stamp that shows their Orthodox roots.You also can not forget the skeptical Ivan Turgenev.In his work "The living power," the image of a people's holiness.Also of great interest is Russian artistic culture of the time.We are talking about the paintings K. Petrov-Vodkin, M. Vrubel, M. Nesterov.The origins of creativity lie in the Orthodox icon painting.Ancient church singing was a vivid history of musical culture phenomenon.It also could be considered later experiments Rachmaninoff, Tchaikovsky and Dmitry Bortniansky.
main contribution
Russian culture of the late 19th - early 20th century absorbed the best achievements of other peoples and countries.However, she did not lose their identity.In addition, it has a significant impact on the development of other cultures.As for the history of the European peoples, it left a considerable mark.First of all, we are talking about Russian religious thought.It was formed under the influence of the West.In turn, the Western European culture was influenced by theology and philosophy.This is particularly evident in the first half of the XX century.A significant contribution to the development of Russian culture made works of M. Bakunin, Berdyaev, P. Florensky, S. Bulgakov, Vladimir Solovyov, as well as many others.We should not forget about the "storm twelfth year".It is a strong impetus to the development of Russian culture.World War II is inextricably linked to the growth of national consciousness and the formation of "Decembrists".It is also influenced by the traditions of Russian culture.Belinsky wrote that the year has shaken the entire country, with stirred national pride and consciousness.
Features historical process
His pace was noticeably accelerated.This is due to the above factors.Full swing differentiation of different areas of cultural activity.This is particularly evident in science.Also complicates itself a cultural process.It noted an increasing interaction between different spheres.In particular, this applies to music, literature, philosophy, and so on.Also, it should be noted that to strengthen the process of interaction between the constituent elements of national culture.It is an official part of that State to patronize, and the area of the masses (ie folk formation).The latter comes from the bowels of East Slavic tribal unions.This layer was formed in ancient Russia.He fully existed throughout the country's history.Regarding the subsoil officially-state culture, there can be traced the "elitist" stratum.It serves the ruling class.This primarily refers to the royal court and aristocracy.This stratum was quite receptive to foreign to innovation.In this case, it is advisable to mention the romantic painting Ivanov, K. Briullov, V. Tropinin, OA Kiprensky and other known artists of the XIX century.
Influence XVIII century
in the first half there were intellectuals commoners.By the end of the century, it stood out a specific social group.It is a land of intellectuals.There were poets, musicians, architects and painters.If at the beginning of the century the leading role belonged to the aristocratic intelligentsia, in the end - commoner.The composition of this layer started to flow came from the peasants.This is especially felt after the abolition of serfdom.By commoner could carry educated representatives of the democratic and liberal bourgeoisie.It was impossible to say that they belonged to the nobility.Rather, they appear to be peasants, merchants, petty bourgeoisie and the bureaucracy.This also supported such important features of Russian culture, as the beginning of its democracy based.Their essence is that the educated leaders became not only the members of the privileged classes.However, the leading role is still theirs.An increasing number of scientists, composers, artists, poets, writers of the underprivileged.In particular, this applies to the serfs, and mainly from the circle of commoners.
Fruits of the XIX century Art
Russian culture continues to evolve.Literature becomes the leading of its area.First of all, here was influenced by progressive liberation ideology.In fact, many of the works of that period are full of revolutionary clarion call, and political pamphlets.Herein lies the major significance of the Russian culture.It is very inspiring progressive youth.We felt the reign of the spirit of struggle and opposition.It permeated the work of progressive writers.Thus, literature has become one of the most active forces in society.You can take, for example, the rich world classics and make a comparison of the Russian culture.Even on its background literature of the last century appears an exceptional phenomenon.Tolstoy's prose and poetry of Pushkin can be called a miracle.Yasnaya Polyana was the intellectual capital of chance.
contribution Pushkin
hard to say what would be the culture of Russia without him.Pushkin - the founder of Russian realism.Suffice it to recall "Eugene Onegin."This novel in verse was named a famous critic of the encyclopedia of Russian life.It is the highest expression of realism in the works of genius.There is also an outstanding example of this trend can be attributed literary novel "Dubrovsky", "The Captain's Daughter" the drama "Boris Godunov."With regard to the global importance of Pushkin, it is inextricably linked with the understanding of the universal values of tradition, which was created by him.He paved the way for literary Chekhov, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Turgenev, Gogol, Lermontov.She became a full-fledged fact of Russian culture.In addition, this road is the most important moment of spiritual development of mankind.
contribution Lermontov
It can be called a successor and younger contemporary of Pushkin.The first is to highlight the "Hero of Our Time".It is impossible not to note its consonance with the novel "Eugene Onegin".Meanwhile, the "hero of our time" - the top of Lermontov's realism.His work represents the highest point in the evolution of poetry poslepushkinskogo time.Through this opened new avenues for the development of Russian prose.Creativity Byron - basic aesthetic guidelines.Russian romantic individualism implies a cult titanic passions.Also here include lyrical expression and extreme situations, which are combined with philosophical contemplation.Thus, it becomes clear to the poetic attraction Lermontov's poem, romances and ballads.A special place in them is love.Also do not forget about the "dialectics of feelings" - Lermontov method of psychological analysis, which contributed to the subsequent literature.
Researches Gogol
His work has evolved in the direction of the romantic forms of realism.Creation Gogol brought a lot to the development of Russian literature.As an example, take the "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka."It embodies the concept of the Ukraine - a sort of Slavic Ancient Rome.He is like a continent on the map of the universe.Dykanka - its original center, the center of national destiny and spiritual identity.In addition, Gogol founded the "natural school."This is a critical realism.Russian culture of the 20th century was marked by the worldwide recognition of Gogol.From the moment he became active and growing part of the world literary progress.His work has a deep philosophical potential, which is denoted gradually.
contribution Tolstoy
His brilliant work deserves special attention.It was a new stage in the development of world and Russian realism.First of all, it is to provide the power and originality of Tolstoy's work.It is very much dependent on the democratic roots of its activities, the moral quest and world-consciousness.The realism of Tolstoy distinguishes special truthfulness.Also it is necessary to allocate frankness and sincerity of tone.Consequence is a sharp social contradictions detection and juggernaut."War and Peace" - a special phenomenon in the world and Russian literature.This is a unique phenomenon of art Tolstoy.It is a brilliant combination of multi-figured epic "murals" and the psychological novel in a big way.The first part of the work was published for a long time.During this time, several generations of readers.However, "War and Peace" remains topical product for all ages.Yu Nagibin modern writer has called this work an eternal companion of man.It is dedicated to the disastrous war of the XIX century.It argues the idea of moral triumph of life over death.Russian culture of the 20th century betrayed the enormous significance.
Researches Dostoevsky
remains marvel at their titanic nature.Dostoevsky is a great Russian writer.His moral surveys differ somewhat from Tolstoy.First of all, this is manifested in the absence of analysis of epic proportions.That is the description of what is happening there.We have to "go underground".The only way to see what's really going on.Because of this there is the opportunity to look at ourselves.Dostoevsky had a terrific ability, which was the penetration into the essence of the human soul.As a result, they were given a description of contemporary nihilism.This attitude of mind was characterized them indelibly.Readers still fascinates inexplicable precision and depth.As for the ancient nihilism, it was inextricably linked with the epicurean and skepticism.His ideal is a noble serenity.It also refers to the achievement of peace of mind to the vicissitudes of fortune.
Alexander the Great once deeply impressed nihilism of ancient India.The same feel and its surroundings.If we take into account the philosophical attitude, it is somewhat similar to the position of Pyrrho of Elis.The result is a contemplation of emptiness.As for Nagarjuna, for him and his followers nihilism was a threshold of religion.Modern
for somewhat different from the past.Its basis is still the intellectual conviction.It's not a blessed state of equanimity or philosophical detachment.Rather, it is the inability to create and approval.This is not a philosophy, but a spiritual flaw.
main stages of blossoming musical art
XIX century excelled intensive development of literature.Along with this brightly flashed the musical culture of Russia.However, it was in close interaction with the literature.Thus, the Russian artistic culture intensively enriched.There is a completely new images.The aesthetic ideal of Rimsky-Korsakov is the basis of his musical creativity.Great art is for him absolute value.His operas are filled with images of vysokopoeticheskogo world.This clearly shows that art has a dual effect.It transforms and conquers man.Rimsky-Korsakov, this function of art is connected with its representation as a means of moral perfection.This is inextricably linked with the cult of romantic affirmation-Man creator.He is involved in a confrontation with the alienating tendencies of the past.This music elevates all human.Its purpose - to bring salvation from the "terrible temptations" that are inherent in bourgeois century.This is another value of Russian culture.Thanks to benefit society and acquired a great civic purpose.Creativity Tchaikovsky made a huge contribution to the flowering of the national musical culture.He has written many excellent works.The opera "Eugene Onegin" was of experimental nature.In addition, the author interprets it as "lyrical scenes".The innovative nature of the opera is the best reflection of the new literature.
Russian culture of the early 20th century
should be noted that at the turn of XIX-XX centuries.in the country there were quite complicated historical and political events.It is thanks to them that the Russian culture of the early 20th century enriched the variety of forms and directions.It gained new trends that require any understanding of social and moral issues.It should be noted that by the beginning of XX century, Russia was a country with a large number of illiterate population.The educational system consists of three levels: upper, middle and elementary.The development of the latter began thanks to the initiative group of the democratic society.As a result, the school began to emerge the updated type.Russian culture of the late 19th - early 20th century had a great influence on the development of education and increase literacy.Among the advanced education should be noted the working society and educational courses, as well as people's homes.Russian culture of the late 19th - early 20th century, influenced not only the life within the state but also outside it.
