Similar institutions arose in Western Europe and in Muscovy.However, the causes and consequences of their activities have been dramatically different.In the first case the estates meeting served as an arena for solving political issues battleground for power, in Russia on this kind of meetings dealt mainly administrative tasks.In fact, the emperor became acquainted with the needs of ordinary people through such activities.
Moreover, such gatherings occurred immediately after the unification of the states, both in Europe and in Muscovy, so to form a coherent picture of the state of affairs in the country this body to cope as well as possible.
Zemsky Sobor in 1613, for example, played a revolutionary role in the history of Russia.It was then enthroned Mikhail Romanov, whose family ruled the country the next three hundred years.And it was his descendants derived from a backward state of the Middle Ages to the forefront in the early twentieth century.
Zemsky Sobor in Russia
only conditions that created a caste-representative monarchy, allowed to occur and develop such institutions as the Zemsky Sobor.1549 was an outstanding in this regard.Ivan the Terrible gathers people to eliminate local corruption.The event was called "Cathedral of reconciliation".
very same word at the time was to "national", which set the framework of this body.
role of the Zemsky Sobor was to discuss political, economic and administrative matters.In fact, it was the king's relationship with the common people passing through the filter needs boyars and clergy.
Though democracy and failed, but the needs of the lower classes still accounted for more than in Europe, interspersed with absolutism.
in such an event attended by all free men, that is not only allowed the serfs.Everyone had the right to vote, but the actual and the final decision taken only the emperor.
Since the first Zemsky Sobor was convened at the behest of the king, and the effectiveness of its activity was high enough, this practice has become stronger.
However, the functions of the Institute authorities periodically changed depending on the situation in the country.Let's look in more detail in this issue.
evolution of the role of the cathedral of Ivan the Terrible to Mikhail Romanov
If you remember something from the textbook "History, Grade 7" without a doubt, the period of XVI - XVII centuries, was one of the most intriguing, from the king-child-killers and ending with a vaguethe time when the conflicting interests of various noble families and come from nowhere folk heroes like Ivan Susanin.
Let's see what's going on at this time.
first Zemsky Sobor was convened by Ivan the Terrible in 1549.It is not a full-fledged secular advice.It actively participated clergy.At this time the ministers of the church is completely subordinate to the king, and serve more people will guide him.
next period includes the dark time of the Troubles.It continues until the overthrow of the throne Basil Shuisky in 1610.It was during these years the importance of the Zemsky Sobor is changing dramatically.Now they are the idea that promotes a new pretender to the throne.Basically solutions such meetings at a time run counter to the strengthening of statehood.
next step was the "golden age" for the institution of power.Activities Zemsky Sobor combines the legislative and executive functions.In fact, it was the period of the interim board of the "parliament of Tsarist Russia."
After the permanent governor begins the recovery period after the destruction of the state.This is the time needed expert advice to the young and inexperienced king.Therefore, churches have a role deliberative body.Their members help the governor to understand the financial and administrative matters.
For nine years, beginning in 1613, the boyars have time to organize the collection fifths of money, prevent re-invasion of the Polish-Lithuanian troops and restore the economy after the Troubles.
With 1622 for ten years did not take place, none of the Cathedral.The situation in the country is stable, because a specific need for it was not.
Zemsky Sobor in the 17th century are increasingly taking on the role of the regulatory authority in the field of interior, but most foreign policy.Accession of Ukraine, Azov, Russian-Polish relations, the Crimean and many questions are solved by means of this instrument.
the second half of the seventeenth century, the importance of such activities decreases markedly and by the end of the century at all stops.Most notable were two of the cathedral - in 1653 and 1684 respectively.
In the first part of the Moscow State shall take the Zaporozhye army, and in 1684 was the last gathering.It decided the fate of the Commonwealth.
The story ends with the Zemsky Sobor.Especially contributed to this Peter's policy of establishing absolutism in the state.
But let's take a closer look at the events of one of the most important cathedrals in the history of Russia.
Background Cathedral 1613
After the death of Fyodor Ivanovich in Russia came the Time of Troubles.He was the last of the descendants of John Vasilyevich Grozny.His brothers were killed earlier.The eldest, John, as scientists believe, fell into the hand of his father, and the younger, Dmitri, was lost in Uglich.He is presumed dead, but the true facts of his death there.
Thus, since 1598 begins a complete mess.A series of rules in the country, Irina, wife of Fyodor Ivanovich and Boris Godunov.Next to the throne visited the son of Boris, Theodore, the first False Dmitry and Vasily Shumsky.
This is a period of economic decline, anarchy and invasion of neighboring armies.In the north, for example, manage the Swedes.In the Kremlin, with the support of the population of Moscow, entered the Polish troops led by Vladislav, the son of Sigismund III, King of the Polish and Lithuanian prince.
turns 17, the age in the history of Russia played an ambiguous role.Events that took place in the country, forced people to reach a common desire to get rid of ruin.There were two attempts to expel intruders from the Kremlin.The first - under the leadership of Lyapunov Zarutsky and Trubetskoy, and the second led by Minin and Pozharsky.
It turns out that the convening of a Zemsky Sobor in 1613 was just inevitable.If it were not such a turn of events, who knows what would have developed the story and what would be the situation in the country today.
Thus, in 1612 Minin and Pozharsky led the people's militia expelled the Polish-Lithuanian troops from the capital.There were all the prerequisites to restore order in the country.
Convening
As we know, Zemsky Sobor in the 17th century was part of government (as opposed to the spiritual).Secular power needed advice, which was very similar to the function of the Slavic Veche when agreed all kinds of free men and decide vital issues.
Before that first Zemsky Sobor in 1549 was still the joint.It was attended by representatives of the church and the secular authorities.Later the clergy acted only on Metropolitan.
It happened in October 1612 when, after the expulsion of the Polish-Lithuanian forces occupied the Kremlin heart of the capital, began to lead the country in order.The army of the Commonwealth, occupied Moscow liquidated simply because of the fact that the hetman Khotkevich no longer support it.Poland has realized that urgent situation, they will not win.
Thus, after stripping all foreign occupation forces was necessary to establish normal strong power.For this they were sent messengers to all the edges and the parish with a proposal to join the chosen people to the general council in Moscow.
However, due to the fact that the State was still a ruin and not very calm, citizens were able to collect only one month.Thus, the Zemsky Sobor in 1613 was convened on January 6.
only place that could accommodate all the people who came was the Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin.According to various sources, the total number ranged from seven hundred to a thousand people.
Candidates
consequence of this chaos in the country had a large number of people willing to sit on the throne.Besides ancient Russian princely families, joined the presidential race the rulers of other countries.Among the latter, for example, were the Swedish Prince Carl and the prince Vladislav Rzeczpospolita.The latter not at all troubled by the fact that he was only a month ago turn out from the Kremlin.
know Russian well, though, and to submit their nominations to the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, a special weight in the eyes of the public did not have.Let's see who the representatives of the princely families aspired to power.
Shuiskys as known descendants of Rurik dynasty, of course, were quite confident of victory.However, the danger that they find themselves, and in a similar situation Godunov will avenge past offenders who overthrew their ancestors, was very high.Therefore, their chances of victory turned out to be miserable, as many of the voters were in a relationship with someone who could be affected by the new rulers.
Kurakins, Mstislavsky and other princes who once collaborated with the Polish Kingdom and the Duchy of Lithuania, though, and made an attempt to join the power failed.The people they do not forgive betrayal.
Golitsyn could easily rule the Moscow kingdom, if they are not the most powerful representative of languishing in captivity in Poland.
Vorotynskys not differ a bad past, but the secret reasons their candidate, Ivan Mikhailovich, filed for rejection.It is considered the most plausible version of his participation in the "council of seven."
And finally, the best fit for the job applicants - Pozharsky and Trubetskoy.In principle, they could win, as distinguished themselves during the Troubles, clearing the Polish-Lithuanian forces from the capital.But let them down in the eyes of the local nobility, not very distinguished pedigree.In addition, the composition of the Zemsky Sobor not unfounded feared subsequent "cleansing" council of seven members, which is likely to start a political career could these candidates.
Thus, it turns out that it was necessary to find previously unknown, but it is quite a noble descendant of the princely family, able to lead the country.
Official motives
Many scientists are interested in the topic.It's no joke - to determine the actual course of events during the formation of the foundations of modern Russian statehood!
History shows Zemsky Sobor together people managed to make the most correct decisions.
According to the records the minutes of the first decision of the people was an exception from the list of candidates of all foreign applicants.No Vladislav nor Swedish prince Carl no longer able to participate in the "race."
The next step was the choice of the candidate of the local nobles.The main problem was that most of them are compromised during the past ten years.
Semiboyarshina, participated in the uprising, supported by the Swedish and Polish-Lithuanian troops - all these factors are largely played against all the candidates.
According to the documents, in the end there was only one, which we have not mentioned above.This man was a descendent of Ivan the Terrible.He was the nephew of the last legitimate Tsar Feodor Ivanovich.
Thus, the election of Mikhail Romanov was the most appropriate solution in the eyes of most voters.The only difficulty is the lack of nobility.His family came from the Prussian nobleman from the prince Andrei Mares.
Next we'll talk about the events leading up to the turn of history known to all.
first version of events
17th century in the history of Russia was of particular importance.It is from this period are known to us such names as Minin and Pozharsky, Trubetskoi, Godunov and Shuisky, False Dmitry, Susanin, and others.
was at this time the will of fate, or maybe God's finger, but formed the ground for the future of the empire.If not for the Cossacks, as we'll discuss a little later, the course of history, most likely would have been completely different.
So, what is beneficial was Mikhail Romanov?
Officially described by many respected historians like Tcherepnin, Degtyarev and others, there were several factors.
Firstly, the applicant was quite young and inexperienced.His inexperience in public affairs has allowed the boyars to become a "gray eminence" and the role of advisors be actual kings.
The second factor was the involvement of his father to the events related to the False Dmitry II.That is all defectors from Tushino could not be afraid of retaliation or punishment sostorony new king.
addition, Patriarch Filaret, his father, enjoyed great prestige in the spiritual life of the Moscow kingdom, and most monasteries supported the nomination.
Of all the applicants only this race was the smallest associated with the Commonwealth during the "council of seven", therefore the patriotic feelings of the people were completely satisfied.Still: lord of the family of Ivan Kalita, having among relatives clergyman high rank, the enemy of the oprichnina and also young and "povadno" as he described Sheremet.Here are the factors that according to the official version of events influenced the reign of Mikhail Romanov.
second version of the cathedral
Opponents believe the main motive for the election of the candidate mentioned the following factors.Sheremet'ev strongly enough to seek power, but the right way could not reach it because of the commoner species.In view of this, as we learn from history (Grade 7), he developed an unusually active in the promotion of Mikhail Romanov.For him it was all profitable, because his choice was simple, unsophisticated young man from the provinces.He did not know of any government, of any city life, no intrigue.
And who he will be grateful for such generosity and who will listen first when making important decisions?Of course those who helped him take the throne.
Through the activity of this nobleman, most of who had gathered at the Zemsky Sobor in 1613 have been prepared to take the "right" decision.But something went wrong.And the first results of the vote declared invalid 'because of the absence of many voters. "
final vote postponed for three weeks in advance.And at this time there are many important events in the two opposing camps.
boyars who opposed such a candidacy, made an attempt to get rid of Romanov.He was sent a detachment of Polish and Lithuanian soldiers to eliminate objectionable candidate.But the future king saved before obscure peasant Ivan Susanin.He started the punitive swamp, where they safely and vanished (with the national hero).
Shuya also deploys a slightly different front activities.He comes into contact with the Cossack atamans.It is believed that this force has played a major role in the accession of Mikhail Romanov.
Of course, we should not belittle the role of the Zemsky Sobor, but without the active and urgent action these groups actually have a future king would have no chance.They actually force put him on the throne.This is describe below.
last attempt to prevent the victory of the boyars Romanov became his way to the people, so to speak, "the bride".However, according to the documents, Shuya was afraid of failure, due to the fact that Michael was a man of simple and illiterate.He could discredit itself if it started to keep the voters.That's why it took tough and urgent action.
Why Cossacks intervened?
likely due to active actions of Shuya and near failure of his company, and also due to the attempts of the boyars "dishonest cheat" Cossacks, the following events have occurred.
value Zemsky Sobor, of course, great, but aggressive and brute force is often more effective.In fact, at the end of February 1613 there was similarity of the storming of the Winter Palace.
Cossacks broke into the house and asked the Metropolitan to convene the people for discussion.They unanimously wanted to see their king Mikhail Romanov, "a man from blagodobrogo root is a good industry and the kind of honor."
Scared cleric called boyars, and pressure was unanimously agreed that the accession of the candidate.
Cathedral oath
It is actually a protocol that constituted Zemsky Sobor in Russia.
