«in a dispute born truth!" - We all know the statement.But in order for this truth appeared, you must use a sufficient number of arguments and facts.Fact - a unit of philosophy, which does not require proof.And this value is familiar to many.And what is the argument?
philosophy
argument is the basis of the evidence or part of it, which is based in reality or which accommodates the main probative value.
Depending on the purpose pursued with the evidence, the argument can be of several types:
1. Argument ad hominem (ad hominem). Here are evidence-based personal background and beliefs, as well as approval.
2. Argument ad veritatem (ads truth). where evidence emerges from the presentation, proven science, society and objectivity.
3. Argument e consensus gentium. In this case, the proof is that they believed for centuries.
4. Argument a tuto. proof is decisive in the case of failure of other arguments, it is based on the judgment that if does not help, not hurt.
5. Argument a baculo (last argument).
logic
consider that such an argument in logic.There is the concept of a set of propositions that can substantiate the truth of the theory of a judgment.For example, there is a saying: "The iron can be melted."To prove this, you can use two arguments: "All metals can be melted" and "Iron is a metal."From these two propositions can be deduced proved opinion, thus justifying its truth.Or, for example, the statement "What is happiness?" The arguments you can use are: "Happiness is different for everyone," "The man himself determines the criteria that consider themselves happy or unhappy people."
Terms
Arguments (A) used in the process of proving the truth of the judgment, should be subject to certain rules:
a) arguments must be true opinions and judgments;
b) they must be the judgment whose truth, in any case, you can install, regardless of the opinion;
c) arguments must be the basis of the opinions to be proved.
If any of the rules will be broken, it will lead to logical errors that will prove incorrect.
What argument in the dispute?
arguments that apply to the dispute or discussion, divided into several types:
1. By the merits of the case. In this case, the argument refers to the issues discussed, and aims to prove the truth of the evidence.There can be used the main provisions of any theories, scientific concepts and judgments previously established facts, proven status and so on.
If these arguments satisfy all the rules, then the proof, in which they are used, will be logically correct.In this case, it will be used by the so-called iron argument.
2. To the person. Such arguments are used only when there is a need to win the argument or discussion.They are directed to the person of the opponent and affect his beliefs.
From a logical point of view, these arguments are flawed and should not be applied in the dispute, where participants try to find the truth.
Species arguments "to the person»
most common types of arguments "to the man" are the following:
1. By the authority. Here in the discussion as the arguments used by the opinions and statements of writers, scientists, public figures and so on.Such arguments may well exist, but they are incorrect.It is caused by the fact that a person who has attained success in a particular area may not be the authority in other areas, so the view here may be wrong.
argument may apply to the authority, using the authority of the audience, the public opinion of the enemy, and even your own.Sometimes a person can invent or authority to attribute opinions to those who were never expressed.
2. to the public.There person refers to the mood and feelings of the listener.In the dispute, he refers not to the opponent, and the audience, casual listeners in order to attract them to his side, thus offering psychological pressure on the enemy.Especially effective is the use of arguments to the public in the case when its financial interests are affected.So, if one opponent to prove that the view of the enemy affects the present financial situation, it will win their sympathy.
3. For individual. Arguments based on personal features of an opponent on his shortcomings and virtues, taste and appearance.If you use this argument, then it becomes a matter of dispute the identity of his opponent in a negative light.There are also arguments that reveal esteem opponent.Often this technique is used by the courts in the protection of the accused.
4. By vanity.D anny method consists in saying a large number of accolades and compliments the opponent with the aim to touch it, to make it flexible and softer.
5. To force. In this case, one of the opponents threatened use of force or coercive means.This is especially true for a man endowed with power or having a weapon.
6. For pity. What is the argument to pity, very clear.This evocation of the enemy in self-pity and empathy.Such arguments are often used by many people who are constantly complaining about the severity of the difficulties in life and hope in the wake opponent compassion and desire to help.
7. ignorance. In this case, one of the opponents uses facts that are unknown opponent.Most people are not able to admit that they do not know something, because they believe that because they lose their dignity.That is why in a dispute with the likes of the argument to ignorance operates train.
All these arguments are incorrect, they should not be used in the dispute.But practice shows the opposite.Most people skillfully use them to achieve their goals.If evidence of human use of these arguments, it should be pointed out that they are incorrect, and a person is not sure of his position.
Algebra
consider that such an argument in algebra.In mathematics, the concept refers to the independent variable.So, speaking of the tables, where there are a function of the value of the independent variable, mean that they are of a particular argument.For example, in the table of logarithms, which contains the value of the function log x, x is a number of the argument table.Thus, answering the question of what the function argument, it must be said that it is the independent variable, which determines the value of the function.
increment argument
In mathematics, there is the concept of "increment of the function and argument."The concept of "argument of" we already know, we consider that such increment of the argument.So, every argument has some value.The difference between its two values (old and new) is incremented.In mathematics, this is indicated as: Dx: Dx = x1-x0.
Theology
In theology the term "argument" has its own meaning.Here, the true proof of the divinity in favor of Christianity, which comes out of the prophecies and parables of the wise, as well as Christ made miracles.As evidence, the dispute also serves an inextricable link between thinking and being, as well as the belief that God is the most perfect reality that exists not only in thought, but in the real world.
Astronomy In astronomy, the notion of "argument peritsenta."Thus, it represents a certain value, which defines the reference point of the orbit of a certain celestial body with respect to the equatorial plane of some other celestial body.The argument of latitude used in astronomy, is a kind of value that determines the position of a particular celestial body in orbit.
As you can see, the question of what the argument is, you can not give a clear answer, since this concept has multiple meanings, which depend on where in the area used the concept.Whatever the argument used by any person to prove the truth in a discussion or debate, it should have a logical assumption based on proven facts.Only in this case the dispute is correct and true.In any other case, the dispute will be wearing the incorrect character, and the enemy who uses such arguments will not be sure he is right.
complex arguments that are used to prove the truth of beliefs, as well as the whole process of justification called reasoning, the main purpose of which appears to attract the opponent on its side in the discussion of certain issues.
