studying geography and topography, we are faced with a term such as terrain.What is the term and what it is used?In this article, we will deal with the meaning of the word, know what are the types and forms of relief, and more.
notion relief
So, what does this term mean?Relief - a combination of surface roughness of the planet, which are made up of elementary forms.There is even a separate science that studies its origin, history of development, the dynamics and internal structure.It is called geomorphology.The relief consists of individual forms, that is, of natural bodies, representing some of its parts and have their size.
variety of forms according to morphological classification principle, these natural natural body can be both positive and negative.The first of them tower over the horizon, representing the lifting surface.As an example, the hill, the hill, the plateau, the mountain, and so on.The second, respectively, form a slide relative to the horizon.It may be the valley, beams, depression, ravines, and so on. N. As mentioned above, the shape of the relief is composed of distinct elements: the surface (face), point, line (edge), the corners.According to the degree of difficulty distinguish complex and simple natural natural body.For simple forms are hills, ravines, hollows and so on. D. They are separate morphological elements that combine to form the shape.As an example, a hillock.It is divided into these parts: foot, slope, top.The complex shape consists of a series of simple.For example, the valley.It includes a track, understand, slopes, and more.
distinguished by the degree slope subhorizontal surface (less than 20 degrees), tilt and slope (20 degrees).They may have different shapes - straight, convex, concave or stepped.According to the degree of stretch can be divided into open and closed.
Types reliefs
combination of basic shapes which have similar origins and extend over a certain area, specifies the type of terrain.In large areas of the planet is possible to combine several distinct species on the basis of a similar origin or differences.In such cases, to talk about the types of relief groups.When the association is made on the basis of their education, we speak of genetic types of elementary forms.The most common types of land relief - is plain and mountain.At the height of the first can be divided into depression, hills, lowlands, plains and plateaus.Among the second highest isolated, high, medium and low.
Flat terrain
This area, which is characterized by small (up to 200 meters) relative elevations, as well as a relatively low slope ramps (up to 5 degrees).The absolute height is small (up to 500 meters).These areas the Earth's surface (land, seabed and ocean floor), depending on the altitude, there are low-lying (200 meters), elevated (200-500 meters), upland or high (over 500 meters).Relief Plains depends primarily on the degree of ruggedness and land cover.It can be loamy, clay, peat, sandy soils.They can be cut up river beds, ravines and gullies.
hilly terrain
This area, which has a wavy nature of the earth's surface, forming bumps with altitudes up to 500 meters, relative elevations up to 200 meters and a slope of no more than 5 degrees.The hills are often built of solid rock, and the slopes and peaks are covered with a thick layer of loose rock.Lowlands between them are straight, wide or closed basin.
Hill
mountainous terrain - the terrain is representing the planet's surface, is significantly elevated relative to the surrounding area.It is characterized by altitudes of 500 meters.This area has a varied and difficult terrain, as well as specific natural and weather conditions.The main forms are the mountain ranges with characteristic steep slopes, which often turn into bluffs and cliffs and gorges and ravines located between the ridges.Mountain areas of the earth surface is significantly raised above the ocean, and they have a common base, which rises above the surrounding plains.They consist of a plurality of negative and positive relief forms.In terms of height can be divided into low mountains (up to 800 meters) midlands (800-2000 meters) and high altitude (2,000 meters).
Formation relief
Age elementary forms of the earth's surface is relative and absolute.The first establishes the formation of a relief with respect to any other surface (sooner or later).The second is determined by the geological time scale.Relief formed by constant interaction between endogenous and exogenous forces.Thus, endogenous processes responsible for the formation of the main features of elementary forms and exogenous, on the contrary, they tend to align.The relief-are the main sources of energy of the Earth and the sun, do not forget about the impact of space.The formation of the earth's surface occurs by gravity.The main source of endogenous processes can be called thermal energy of the planet, which is associated with the radioactive decay occurring in her mantle.Thus, under the influence of these forces it was formed by continental and oceanic earth's crust.Endogenous processes cause the formation of faults, folds, the movement of the lithosphere, volcanism and earthquakes.
geological observations
study of the shape of our planet by scientists-geomorphology.Their main task - to study the geological structure and topography of individual countries, continents, planets.In drawing up the characteristics of a particular area supervisor must determine what caused it is before the shape of the surface, to understand its origin.Of course, the young geographer would be difficult to figure in these matters, so it is best to seek help from books or teachers.Compiling a description of the relief, the group is required to cross the geomorphology study area.If you want to map only route traffic, you should maximize the band up.And in the course of the study periodically move away from the main road to the side.This is especially important for the foreseeable bad terrain, where the woods or hills interfere with the review.
Mapping
record information of a general nature (terrain hilly, mountainous, rugged, and so on. D.), It is also necessary to map and describe separately each element of relief - steep slope, ravine, ledge, river valleys, and so on. N. Define dimensions - depth, width, height, angles - often have to, as they say, in the eye.Due to the fact that the relief depends on the geological structure of the area, then carrying out monitoring, it is necessary to describe and geological structure and composition of the rocks that make up the surface under study, and not just their appearance.It is necessary to observe in detail sinkholes, landslides, cave, and so on. N. In addition to describing, should be carried out and schematic sketches of the study area.
According to this principle, you can explore the area, which is located near your home, and can describe the relief of the continents.Technique alone, only the scale is different, and the time for a detailed study of the continent will take much longer.For example, to describe the topography of South America, you will need to create a variety of research groups, and even then it will take more than one year.It said the continent is characterized by an abundance of mountains, stretching along the entire continent, the Amazon virgin forest, the Argentine pampas, and so on. D., Which creates additional difficulties.
Note geo-morphologist young
Forming a relief map of the area, it is recommended to ask the locals where you can watch the point where they exit the layers of rock and groundwater.These data should enter the circuit area and to describe them in detail and sketch.On the plains of rock often exposed in places where rivers or gullies cut through the surface and formed the coastal cliffs.Also, these layers can be seen in the quarries or where the highway or railway runs along hewn recess.The young geologist will examine and describe each layer of rock, it is necessary to start from the bottom.With roulette you can make the necessary measurements, which should also be recorded in the field book.The description shall be given the dimensions and characteristics of each layer, a sequence number and their current location.
