In this article we will look at these layers vocabulary is obsolete and native Russian words.On the origin of native Russian vocabulary is mixed.It consists of several layers that differ in their time of occurrence.
Indoevropeizmy
most ancient of ancient Russian are indoevropeizmy, that is, words that have passed into our language from the time of the Indo-European unity.Under assumptions of researchers in 5-4 centuries BC existed Indo-European civilization within which united the various tribes who lived on a fairly large area.According to research by some scientists, this region stretched from the Yenisei River to the Volga River.Others suggest that it was the southern Russian or Balkan-Danube localization.This linguistic community as Indo-European, marked the beginning of European languages, as well as some Asian (such as Sanskrit, Bengali).
Word dating back to the proto-language, based on this community, represent animals, plants, minerals and metals, forms of management tools, and other types of relationship - a native Russian words.Examples:
common Slavic word
next layernative Russian words includes Common Slavonic, which had been inherited from the Slavic (ie Slavonic) Russian language.They served as a source of not only our language but also for all other Slavic.This language is a basis existed in prehistoric times on the territory of the Vistula, the Bug and the Dnieper.These places were inhabited by ancient tribes of the Slavs.The Slavic language in the 6-7 centuries BC collapsed.Thus opening the way for the development of a number of Slavic languages, which belongs to the old Russian.Easy allocated Common Slavonic word in them, their common origin is evident today.For the Slavic languages rises and Russian.Primordially Russian Common Slavonic word include as an integral part.
Many of them nouns.First of all, the specific names, which are native Russian words.Examples: throat, head, heart, beard, field, palm, forest, mountain, maple, birch, cow, ox, hammer, knife, forks, a neighbor, a seine, a servant, a guest, a friend, a spinner, a shepherd, a potter.
There are abstract, but they are much smaller.It: will, faith, sin, guilt, glory, happiness, thought, furious.
Among the other parts of speech are represented in the Common Slavonic vocabulary and verbs: hear, see, to lie, to grow. Adjectives: old, young, sly, wise. Numerals: three, two, one. Pronouns: you, we are you. pronominal adverbs: where there is.Some function words: on, yes, and over and other native Russian words.Examples can be continued.
the Slavic vocabulary is currently about two thousand words, but this is quite a small vocabulary - the core of Russian vocabulary.It includes the most commonly used, neutral style of speech, which are used both in writing and in speech.
had its source Proto-Slavic language Slavic varieties of its having different lexical, grammatical and sound features and segregated into the following three groups: the eastern, western and southern.
Eastern Slavonic lexicon
third layer, which is available in the Russian language, make up the Old Russian word (East Slavic) language.This is a later time, which also include the origin of native Russian words.This vocabulary is developed on the basis of East Slavic language, one of three groups that joined the Old Slavic.The time of its appearance - 7-9 century AD.It lived in the Eastern Europe, the tribal alliance back Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian peoples.That's why the rest of this period in our language the words are known and the other two: the Belarusian and Ukrainian, but absent in the languages of southern and western Slavs.
are the following belongs to the East Slavonic language.Since the use of these words in the language from the start, they were not taken, it is also a native Russian words.Examples:
- the names of birds, animals: squirrel, dog, duck, crow, bullfinch ;
- the name of tools: blade ax ;
- name household items: bucket boots, the ruble, the casket;
- the names of people in the profession: cook, carpenter, miller, shoemaker;
- names of various settlements: settlement, village, and other lexical and semantic groups.
Actually Russian vocabulary
Next, a fourth layer, which can be identified - is actually Russian vocabulary, which was formed after the 14th century, ie during the period of independent development of Belarusian, Ukrainian and Russian languages.They already appear their equivalents for the expression of certain objects or phenomena.
Actually Russian words can be distinguished on the basis of the derivative: leaflet, mason, community, cloakroom, intervention and others.
should be noted that as part of this vocabulary may also be a word with a variety of foreign-language roots that have gone derivation and annexed the Russian prefixes, suffixes ( nonpartisan, party, ruler, aggressiveness, tea, a glass), well as havinga complex framework ( locomotive radio unit). They also include a number of different slozhnosokraschennyh words, which in the 20th century joined our language: wall newspaper, LPH, MAT and others.
Who native Russian vocabulary continues to grow with new inclusions, which are created with the help of word-building resources of ourLanguage as a result of various processes of word formation.
Obsolete Russian word
not actively use the word does not immediately disappear from it.They have understood for some time talking to him, known to us from works of fiction.Although speech practice everyday needs are not experiencing.These words constitute a passive reserve of vocabulary and are in various dictionaries with a special mark "Ustari.".
process archaism words
archaism process usually takes place gradually.Among the obsolete words why there are those who have significant "experience" (such as this, therefore, scarlet, reche, vorog, child).Others from the active vocabulary derived from the fact that they belong to the Old Russian period of his development.Sometimes words become obsolete in a relatively short period of time, appearing and disappearing in the latest period.For example, "Shkraba" meant to the 20s "teacher."There were words such as "Workers'", "NKVD" obsolete very quickly.It does not always have the appropriate labels such nomination in dictionaries as the process of archaism may be understood more as a not quite completed.
reasons archaism
There are various reasons archaism vocabulary.They can acquire extralinguistic (extralinguistic) character if associated refusal of the use of certain words with social transformations.But there may also be driven by linguistic laws.Adverbs "right hand", "oshuyu" (right, left), for example, from the active vocabulary disappeared due to the fact that producing their nouns ("left arm" - "Shuitsev" and "right hand" - "right hand") arhaizovalis.In such cases, played a crucial role system relations of various lexical units.For example, the word went out of use "Shuitsev" and consequently broke with it the semantic relationship of different words, which were combined according to the historical roots."Shulga," for example, in the language was not retained in the meaning of "left-handed" and left as a last name, which dates back to the nickname.So now this word is used.About the Russian language, the processes within it, you can talk a long time.All this is very interesting.We only briefly, in one example, we describe a typical process.
been destroyed following anatomical couples: oshuyu-right hand, Shuitsev-right hand; synonymous connection ( left oshuyu ).But the word "right hand" for some time, despite the archaization system of relations connected with it, is held in our language.For example, in Pushkin's era was used in poetic speech, "high style," the word.About the Russian language can be described as a constantly evolving, so that the vocabulary is obsolete - a natural process.The word "oshuyu" remains only as an echo of the archaic, use it only in a satirical context at that time was possible.
composition outdated vocabulary
outdated lexicon of heterogeneous origin.Its composition includes a native Russian word (examples: Semo, aforesaid, that, lzya ), as well as staroslavyanizmy ( loins, kiss, smooth ), borrowings from different languages ("politesse" - "politeness", "Voyage" -"journey", "abshid" - "retirement").
revival of obsolete words
There are also cases where the outdated Russian words revived, back into the active reserve of vocabulary.For example, in the Russian language today often use the following nouns: Minister, lieutenant, officer, soldier, that the archaic after October.They have given way to others: Commissar, the division commander, Red Army soldier .From the composition of the passive vocabulary in the 20 years has been extracted, for example, the word "leader", even in the era of Pushkin perceived as archaic and in dictionaries of the time drive with the appropriate litter.Today it arhaizuetsya again.Hue recently lost archaic words like Duma, gymnasium, department Lyceum .They were evaluated after 1917 as the historicism.
Historicism
Return to active stock of certain words is possible only in special circumstances.It is always caused by a variety of extra-linguistic factors.If archaization dictated by the laws of linguistic and was reflected in the lexical system connections, received words are called historicism.
Among them are names of concepts, phenomena and objects that have disappeared: Mail, oprichnik, a policeman, a gendarme, a tutor, a hussar, a Bolshevik, a schoolgirl, requisitioning, NEP, the middle peasants, the kulaks, the CPSU (b) and others.Historicism tends to appear as a result of extra-linguistic reasons: the development of production, social transformation, renewal of household items, weapons, etc.
Today in the school curriculum included the theme "Obsolete and native Russian word" (Grade 6).Everyone should know at least a little of their native language, the history of its development.Our article is written for readers to expand knowledge about the various layers of vocabulary, which consists of a great Russian word.
