One of the most ancient, but progressive even today science is biology.It is a science that studies the diversity of nature around us.After all, every day we are faced with hundreds of living creatures: insects, bacteria, viruses, plants and, of course, people.Each body has its own characteristics of the structure and activity, all interconnected by certain laws and consist of different kinds of relationships.All this and exploring this vast, exciting and truly great science, biology.
biosphere of the planet Earth
Our planet is inhabited by the most diverse forms of life.They all interact with each other to form a common envelope.Live shell of the planet Earth.It is called the biosphere.In addition to the biosphere, our planet has such a shell as the hydrosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere.Naturally, the entire biomass biosphere shell could not exist separately from the other shells.Therefore this division is very conditional.In fact, each shell is composed of representatives of the biosphere.
example, the lithosphere is densely populated with worms, bacteria, larvae, insects and mammals.Also, it is located in the lower part of most existing terrestrial plants.
hydrosphere represented the totality of all kinds of water on Earth, it is generally the whole world, beautiful and interesting in its composition of biomass.The atmosphere is also not an exception.A variety of bacteria, viruses, insects, birds and even mammals are an integral part of it and use it for permanent residence.As a whole, nearly all living things (except some types of bacteria) are able to live only under aerobic conditions, ie in the earth's atmosphere.
entire biosphere biomass shell - a multi-million dollar community of living beings.And so the science of wildlife, biology, all included in its departments, is just engaged in a detailed study of this great community.
methods and materials used in biology
for complex analysis and user-friendly and detailed examining all living objects in nature biology uses special materials.Such as:
- scalpel;
- clips;
- tongs;
- instrumentation;
- trap-stain;
- mortars and pestles;
- tubes;
- trays and Petri dishes;
- dissecting needles and tables;
- mirrors and magnifying glasses;
- most different kinds of microscopes and so on.
This is certainly not a complete list of all the variety of materials that help biologists in the knowledge of living and scientific research.
Also, there are specific techniques that uses biology as a science.Methods biology varied, but the main ones include the following.
Biological methodology
| method name | materials used | practical value |
| Observation | Field Diary, binoculars, magnifying glass, microscope, video and photo equipment and so on. | Getting visual information about the monitored facility without interfering with the natural processes of accumulation of useful information. |
| Description | computer, writing supplies and paper. | Fixing the results that were obtained by observation.This method provides a historical significance for the conservation of useful information. |
| experiment | Laboratory equipment, microscope and so on. D. | practical confirmation of scientific hypotheses put forward. |
| Compare | literature or experiments on the subject. | Enables selecting a correct result, and shows all the difference in the life, the structure of organisms, depending on various factors. |
| Modeling (includes compilation, systematization) | materials to create models of the object under study. | allows you to recreate a picture of the processes and predict the outcome. |
| analytical method | Measuring instruments, computers | Allows you to display general patterns or differences in nature and also provides the systematization of accumulated knowledge. |
| Modern methods:
| centrifuges, special microscopes, petri dishes, culture media based on agar, specific equipment and devices. | provides an accurate analysis of the smallest living units provide full information about the processes occurring at the molecular level.Allow to intervene in the genome and set the desired properties of living organisms. |
As a result, we get the following result.Biology - the science that studies living systems completely full, complex and with a variety of modern technologies.
main branches of biology
biology today has dozens of young science side, which were formed from it because of the accumulation of a large amount of knowledge in a variety of the most delicate issues related to living systems.We distinguish basic, historically areas of biological science.
- General Biology.
- Genetics.
- Zoology.
- Botany.
- physiology of plants and animals.
- Anatomy.
- Human Physiology.
- Ecology.
- Biogeography.
- Biochemistry.
First, biology - the science of nature.Therefore, all of these areas are fundamental in the context of this science.
General Biology: the essence, the subject matter
Under this name means the study of the basic aspects of life of every living system: origin, evolution and emergence in nature, operation.As a result, general biology includes the following sections:
- cell theory and the structure of the cell.
- Ontogenez organisms.
- Molecular Biology.
- Genetics.
- evolution of all living things.
- Ecology.
- doctrine of the biosphere of the Earth shell.
From the list it becomes clear that the biology - the science that studies the universal characteristics common to all living systems as a whole.In the course of schooling are taught general biology in high school, from 9 to 11 inclusive.And rightly so, because the notion that it involves a sufficiently complex, bulky and require more than a world formed of students.
nerd in school course
To date, scientists put the number at about 350 000 species, when it comes to the variety of modern plants.Of course, this figure is too high, and the plants are unique and interesting, not to form a separate science that deals exclusively with their studies.It is a science and botany, biology section.
All plants are divided into terrestrial and aquatic.But this is only a very rough, surface classification.In fact, there are many taxa, genera, species, subspecies, and other systematic units, which are divided plants.This is the essence of plant systematics, one of the departments of botany.
There are also a number of other departments, covering all aspects of plant life:
- plant morphology;
- plant physiology;
- ecology;
- biogeography;
- phylogeny;
- evolution;
- economic botany.
collection of all of these sciences, as well as those departments that are part of each of them in turn, allows for a comprehensive study of the total of any plant organism.Therefore, we can say that biology - the science of plants.
Botany taught in school biology classes 6-7, depending on the training program.Questions phylogeny and evolution taught in the 11th grade.
Zoology in the school course
Science zoology described more than 1350000 species of wildlife.The vast majority are invertebrates - insects, worms, sea creatures.This figure is not final, because their research zoologists do not stop.Despite the fact that seemingly have nothing open and all the animals are known, occur periodically discovery of new species.
Zoology - one of the oldest sciences, which includes biology.Pets - one of the most popular and ubiquitous in living systems of the planet.Zoology deals with the study of the structure (both external and internal) of all the animals, their taxonomy, physiology, anatomy, ethology, ecology and geography.
also like botany, zoology section is required to study biology at school.Its rate accounted for Grade 7.
role of biology in human life
Biology - the science that studies and covers so many different areas of life, that there is no doubt of its importance and significance.Key examples that clearly show and prove this, the following:
- Animals, resistant to cancer tumors (sharks and rays) are an excellent basis for finding and opening the cure for the disease of the XXI century.
- Achievements microbiologists, biochemists and medical biologists allow humanity to get rid of many diverse diseases, including viral and bacterial origin.
- Biotechnology, cell and genetic engineering makes it possible to improve agricultural productivity and ensure that power entire nations.
- Anthropological Biology reveals the origins of all life, to recreate the picture of the world and to avoid mistakes in the future.
It's not all the causes and circumstances that allow you to talk about biology as a very important and significant in the life and practice of men of science.
New sections of biology
to a modern, young and promising sections of biological science are such as:
- biotechnology;
- microbiology;
- cell engineering;
- genetic engineering;
- molecular biology;
- biochemistry;
- space biology;
- medical biology.
The whole complex of these sciences allows us to characterize any creature, belonging to a living system.Therefore, biology - the science of wildlife, primarily, and the benefits that it can give a person.
Biology school biology
indirectly affected already during the course of natural history (Grade 5 curriculum).It is as a matter of it starts with 6th grade (botany), Grade 7 - zoology, Grade 8 - anatomy, 9-11 - general biology.
school science course this affects a variety of topics in biology that deal with virtually all of its branches and sections.This is done for the formation of a complete picture of children's perception of the world, as well as a clear assimilation students the importance and significance of life science in the modern world.
