in literature and journalism sometimes there are phrases and stable expression, the value of which may not be entirely clear to the reader.We have all heard expressions like "old bird", "labor of Sisyphus", "Trishkin coat."Always there and everyone understands what is at stake?For example, what is a "stumbling block"?This expression is not uncommon.What does this mean?
to explain the meaning of certain words and expressions, we should recall the notion phraseologism.This complex composition (ie consisting of two or more words) sustained expression ("upside down", "carelessly", "cat laugh").The totality of these expressions is called the phraseology.
phraseology is also called the science that studies are developed with a steady combination of words meaning.Scientific name comes from the Greek words phrsis (expression) and logos (teaching).The phraseology is studying the composition and structure of the phraseology, their origin.Thus, the already mentioned the term "stumbling block", the value of which is not always all be obvious, comes from the Bible.It is found in both the Old and the New Testament.As Scripture tells us, stumbling stone was laid by the Lord in Zion, and all the non-believers and non-compliance with the righteous laws of stumbled on it.
in Church Slavonic "stumble" sounds like "perch oneself."Hence the "stumbling block."This is a rare case where a phrase taken from the Bible in the everyday speech is full value.
Other idioms have come to us from everyday life, being free and phrases are constantly eating in a figurative sense.And borrowed from other languages, among them is relatively small, most of phraseology are native Russian origin.Some of them are linked to the culture and life of the Russian people, the daily rituals and traditions.For example, a "hatchet job" or "sky with ovchinka."
Others emerged from proverbs and sayings ("old bird", "dog ate it", and so on. N.) Or artistic works ("disservice", "Trishkin coat").From the Old Slavonic language came the expression "salt of the earth", "Doubting Thomas," "manna from heaven", the same "stumbling block."From the myths of other nations were "Procrustean bed" and "Augean stables."
Compared with lexical units idioms have a number of features.First of all, they always have a complex composition, the individual components do not retain an independent value ("puzzle").Prepositional-case combination ("armpit") do not apply to the phraseology.
Secondly, idioms are semantically indivisible, that is, have a common meaning for the whole expression.Often, this sense can be expressed in one word ("little" - instead of "cat laugh", "backward" - instead of "upside-down"), but not always.For example, "run aground" - get into the difficult situation, and so on. D.
Also, different idioms constant composition.Replace their components can not synonymous (for example, say "stretch head" instead of "stretch the mind" or instead of "cat laugh" - "kitten naplakal").True, there are exceptions ("with all your heart" - "with all my heart"), but their number is small.
phraseologism inherent reproducibility and predictability, that is, they are used in such speech, however entrenched in our memories.Saying "bosom", we always add a "friend" rather than anything else.It is not allowed to change the phraseology as part of the grammatical form of words, for example, the plural to the singular ("sharpen lyasu").You can not rearrange words and swap.
number of phraseology, along with the full form of a truncated ("seven times measure ...").This is usually long and complex composition of phrases that represent the whole proverbs.An abbreviated version is usually used colloquially for convenience, and so if the meaning is clear.
full explanation of the meaning of most of the existing phraseology is phrasebook.
