manufacturing detergents began during the First World War in Germany.In Russia, the first powder was released in 1953.It was called "News" and is included in products derived from kashalotovogo hydrogenated fat.
Synthetic detergents are multicomponent mixtures of substances.Aqueous solutions used for the decontamination.Detergents include mostly (except directly detergent ingredients - surfactant) salts of inorganic acids (carbonate, phosphate) that enhance the activity of the mixture.Furthermore, solutions incorporated in the bleach and bleach ingredients, antifoams or foaming agents, colorants, flavors, and others.
Surfactants (or surfactants) are organic compounds which have a surface effect.They are able to form Semi solution and foam.Surfactant reduces the surface tension of water, thereby increasing the wetting properties of water.
mixes cleaning is divided into several types:
- Alkilammoniyhloridy.
- alkylarylsulfonates.
- Alkyl sulfonates.
- alkyl sulfates.
- alkylcarbonate (soap).
Soap produced by processing raw fat.Sulfonates and sulfates - a synthetic detergent.All of the above mixture are classified as ionic (ion generators) substances.In aqueous solution, they dissolve (dissociate) into ions.
There nonionic mixture.They do not dissociate in water but soluble therein.This occurs due to the presence of hydrophilic groups in the molecule (OH, e.g.) in a large amount.
nonionic surfactants can be of natural or synthetic origin.Last - OH categories preparations derived ethylene oxide and phenols, fatty alcohols.
Although surfactants that are the main components that make the synthetic detergents and their cleaning effect is weak by itself.In this connection, to enhance the activity of the mixture is added to the neutral and alkaline salts, bleaches, enzymes (enzymes) foam stabilizers.
by the presence of alkaline salts is enhanced colloidal structure and emulsifying ability solutions.These components contribute to a more robust film about the detergent particle pollution.In addition, due to the alkaline salts of softened water and created a favorable environment for cleaning (washing) of different tissues.For example, washing of linen and cotton products appropriate to apply the highly alkaline additives (trisodium phosphate, soda).
hexametaphosphate forms a part of the detergent environment slightly acidic.These conditions are very favorable for washing wool.
Sodium sulfate is classified as fillers.These components contribute to improving the structure of colloids.Use as bleach additives eliminates the need bluing laundry.
to stabilize and improve the foaming properties in detergents used alkilolamidy - foam stabilizers.
There are three main types of synthetic detergents.The most commonly used washing powder mixture.Liquid detergents now being introduced to the market of household chemicals actively.Pasty mixture currently used less frequently.
Among the main consumer properties of washing detergent mixtures may be mentioned, antiresorbtsionnuyu (ability to retain dirt in solution) and foaming activity.It is also important indicator of pH solutions.
