After the Second World has died down, a word like "fascism" has become clearly negative connotation, and now this term a lot of abuse, calling as their political opponents and labeling them.On the other hand, such a vague definition of this terrible phenomenon certainly allows the revival of right-wing parties, which, however, so do not call themselves, although their doctrine is very close to fascism or contain some elements of this ideology.But it is easy to clearly define what fascism, and to designate the boundaries of the term?
Classic fascism, that is, in the narrow historical sense of the word, in 1922, became dominant in Italy after the famous "March on Rome" by Benito Mussolini Blackshirts.The name "fascism" has Italian roots, derived from the word "Fascio» (fascio), ie corporations, unions.A radical political organization, led by Mussolini, called the Union of Struggle (Fascio di combattimento).Fascio, in turn, is connected with the Latin fascis (bunch, bunch) - the so-called honorary weapon lictors, the guards of the Roman Republic.By the way, the fascia is still present in the symbolism of the state authorities in some countries (for example, in the emblem of the Russian Federal Bailiff Service).But symbols - symbols, and is now considered to be a symbol of the movement of the German Nazi swastika.But what is the ideology of fascism, and what are the main features of this ideology?
Movement Blackshirts definitely be called authoritarian, nationalist, and using extreme violence as a normal form of political struggle.But, for example, anti-Semitism and racism in Italian fascism did not stand at the forefront of their ideology, as it was with the German Nazis.However, as the Italian fascists had the ultra-clear focus, the leftist parties consider it necessary to denounce this political ideology, sometimes bending the stick, and so calling his opponents, even the competitors from the left camp, for example, some Communists called the Social Democrats "social fascists."The classic "left" definition of what fascism is, at the VII Congress of the Comintern gave Georgi Dimitrov: "... a terrorist dictatorship of the reactionary institutions of finance capital ... In foreign policy, fascism - it is chauvinism in the most rude manner that cultivates uterine hatred of other nations."
However, this definition does not clearly distinguished traits of the ideology of the movement, which prevents us from clearly characterize what fascism.Modern science has tried to fill this gap and developed a list of features, the presence of which in the program or ideology of the party lets call it fascist.This rabid anti-communism, radical nationalism and even extremism, militarism, traditionalism, leaderism, statism, the exaltation of the "titular nation" and open discrimination against minorities, the elements of populism and declaration of protection to the general public (however, this sin many parties).But the main feature of which came to power the fascist party has totalitarian, that is total control of the state, penetrates into all spheres of human life.
However, even this definition of fascism makes it possible to call such words many nationalist parties and regimes (eg Taliban regime in Afghanistan), and even displays the arena of a term such as Jewish fascism, applying it to openly discriminatory policy of the State of Israel.
Understanding (define) what fascism helps to study such related, occurred at about the same with Italian classical type of movement, which collaborated Mussilini or who put the motion as an example of the Blackshirts own struggle.In Germany, it was National Socialism (or Nazism), Spain - falangizm and Francoism, Portugal - The new state, in Hungary - "Arrow Cross" in Romania - "Iron Guard", in Brazil - integralism (although its ideologythere was no racism), Bulgarian, Austrian, Japanese and Belgian versions of fascism.
