Rod and community
Primitive society for thousands of years was a very small groups.Community (group) from the stage to the Neolithic archanthropines not exceed the number of 20 to 30 people.Available information, however;virtually do not show the internal structure of these groups and their relationship.Only ethnologists, watching the life of primitive societies of modern times, to shed light on this problem ..
Rod - one of the principal began to primitive society.Even in the XIX century.the first anthropologists to the role of this phenomenon is noticed and gave it a scientific explanation for Mr. L. Morgan.According to his definition, which largely retains its value so far, race - a team of people leading their descent from a common ancestor (real or mythical) in one of two lines - the male (from the father to the children) or female (motherchildren);characteristic of the genus - exogamy, ie,. the prohibition to marry members of their own kind;All members of the genus are obliged to help each other and hard to avenge the death or injury of their relatives, caused people from other generations;members of the genus are united as a religious cult, the main object of worship in which often serves the common ancestor;ancestor is often a sacred symbol of tribal unity (totem), the name of which call themselves members of the genus (the Iroquois Indians - "eagle people", "turtle people" and so on. n.).One of the features of labor organization - in full race can never live in the same team.This is due to the fact that according to the custom of exogamy girls and boys kind of forced to marry members of the opposite kind.If the genus virilokalen (couple settles in the team of the groom), then this team is required to reside wives of men who had come from a different kind, and sisters and daughters of men go to the other groups.When the race uksorilokalen (couple settles in the team bride), on the contrary, young men after marriage leave the team where they rodilis.Vse it attaches particular importance to the phenomenon of primitive life, as a community, t. E. A team of people united not onlytribal ties, and territory of residence, and marital relations.
Community recalls production team whose members work together and consume the products of their labor on the basis of equality, regardless of tribal affiliation.Within a community belonging to the genus important in worship (aliens to it often are not allowed), in the inheritance of the status of elder or leader.Generic communication always transcend the community.
of belonging to the genus maternal characteristic of the initial phase of primitive history.So it was thought until relatively recently, and it was attributed to the dominant role in this era of women in society ("matriarchy" the power of the mother) .Etnologicheskie information about primitive peoples on all continents of the Earth do not support this view, and archeology, by its nature, can notgive direct evidence of its correctness or signs oshibochnosti.Otmechennye kind and nature combining it with the community only the general principles derived from the extensive ethnological material.In fact, science knows a great variety of types of communal-tribal organizatsii.Razlichiya between these types of times by stages: there are the people that stood in the prenatal stage, in which the community, including not more than 15 persons, related by a simple relationship (consanguine community) without releasing anya line origin.It is usually primitive hunters and gatherers living in difficult conditions of tropical rainforest (nambikvara Amazon cube Sumatra, and so on. D.).It is known to the people, the community that is one genus (Papuans), while the more advanced tribes (Indians of North .Ameriki, Melanesians) community is often composed of several generic equivalent groups (heterogeneous community).
for many areas of New Guinea island, inhabited by Papuans, characterized by tribal community, whose numbers rarely exceed 100 people.In such a community, you can always find three main categories of people: 1) men of one sort * constitute the core of the community, living separately from the others, in a special men's house;2) their mothers and wives, living in huts of family with their children;representing other genera and came in connection with the marriage of the other places;3) sisters and daughters of the men who are temporary residents, as sooner or later will be given away in marriage and leave the settlements.Men's community performs the most labor-intensive operations to deforestation of tropical gardens by crops: yam, taro, sweet potato.Cohesive groups are tribal consciousness, a common religious cult.All this sharply contrasts between men and women (in some places they even speak different languages).
Papuan tribal community, in fact, is a single nation with its own language, customs and culture.Often, the name of the people, the community translates as "we the people", which expresses the conviction that these neighboring groups, including their wives, are not people.
