Interest is aware of the need, it is manifested in the election of activities, thoughts and emotions.Cognitive interest - the main engine of knowledge.
Amorphous interest different unconsciousness, inactivity,
tendency to reproductive activity.In this case, the students favorite subjects - those where it is not necessary to strain.For them there is no favorite or least favorite topics and sections.Their knowledge will never go beyond the program.On the lessons of history, they are willing to listen to entertaining stories and watch videos.Because of the active forms of the lesser evil to them is to work in groups, where you can "slip" by his comrades.From homework they prefer "creative" - decoration of their own notebooks with drawings, production of models, filling contour maps, and even essay writing.But at the same time they are attracted by the process of "doing" with indifference to the results.It is necessary to raise the level of teacher training requirements for tasks such as interest in them sharply drops.
wide interest characterized by a variety of subject orientation.Cognition different initiative, concentration, emotional emotion.Students with broad interest - curious amateurs.Their horizons wide, but shallow knowledge and as such may remain if one of the subjects of their interest does not outweigh the rod will not.
rod deep interest in different subject and a local focus.It is a leading motive for teaching.These students seek in the chosen field of far go beyond the program, initiative in the search for sources of information tend to dedicate the subject of interest of his free time.Local interest allows the student to improve his knowledge of the theoretical basis, educational and cognitive skills.
According to the degree of stability of interest is situational, relatively stable and sustainable.
Situational interest arises as a reaction to novelty, brightness, surprise, problem.It requires constant reinforcement from the outside, without which quickly fades away, leaving no trace in the structure of personality.The relative stability of the interest is a result of the whole complex of stimulating learning tools.The duration of its impact goes beyond the lesson, but it also needs an external stimulus.At steady cognitive interest prevails intrinsic motivation.At the highest stage of development, it becomes a spiritual need, when the student can not not deal with the subject of the data, not to devote part of his free time, do not follow the new books on the topic of interest.
In high school, the problem of formation of informative interest in history should be differentiated.In regular classes rather constantly creating situational interest in the classroom, to form a positive intellectual-emotional attitude on the perception of the subject.In humanities classes should pose the problem of formation of relatively stable interest all students and have sustained the most capable of them.
Cognitive interest performs three basic functions, it is:
1) means (stimulus) training;
2) motives of educational activity;
3) stable personality traits.
As an incentive training it allows you to use external effects to make learning more attractive, cause involuntary attention, to enhance thinking and emotions of students, inspire learning task.In the process of learning the history of the sources of stimulation of the cognitive process is the content of the educational material, organization and operation, the nature of relations between the participants of the educational process.
Crucial here is the content of the training material.This is due to the leading role of information motive.Hence, the special requirements for the organization and methods of delivery of historical information.It should be characterized by the following qualities:
- entertaining, novelty, brightness, paradoxical.In the educational process is the initial impetus entertaining informative interest, support memory and emotional condition memorizing difficult sections, a means of defusing tensions academic work, activation and switching of attention, thoughts, emotions.As a rule, pupils cause involuntary attention: the story of the plot, built on the laws of detective-adventure genre;by-historical story or characteristic related to the topic of the lesson;detailed description of using the entire arsenal of verbal and visual methods;use of poetic speech teacher quotes, jokes and aphorisms;reliance on visual images, especially the works of art;paradoxical judgments and estimates.
- the moral significance of the information that generates emotional empathy, a sense of moral solidarity, on the contrary, a sharp rejection.This quality is usually given to the arguments, invokes the moral feelings and thoughts, and patriotism.To excite the debate need to evaluate categorical and had deliberately provoked opposition from those who disagree with them;needed confidence tone of communication with the class, which is achieved by a long, sometimes long-term work.Reception performance is the inclusion of figures characteristic elements of psychoanalysis, a statement using dialogue, direct speech or reasoning from the standpoint of character.This increases the accuracy of the psychological and emotional story;In their lessons at the specification of the concepts of "dependent peasants", "feudal", "smerdy", "Zákupy," "feudal relations" I use a gaming task: "Imagine that you, yesterday the free plowman Zhdan and nyne- man caughtin bondage to the prince Vseslav.The circumstances of life made you turn to the all-powerful Prince of the Kupa.After receiving it, you have lost your freedom.Tell me, what circumstances made you turn to the Prince, explained the terms on which you received the loan.Describe the feelings of a man who has lost one of the dearest values of life - personal freedom. ".In the study of the political system of Russia during the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, I use the following task: "Imagine that you are - the watchmaker Johann Krieger, who arrived in Russia in the 17th.from Germany at the invitation of the Russian government.Being a fairly educated and observant person, you are interested in a lively state system of Russia, compares it with the state system of the country.At the same time you notice not only the positive aspects of the system of government, but also the existing, in your opinion, the disadvantages.Describe your observations and comparisons in a letter to his old friend, the master Franz Weber from Dresden. "
- scientific, student proves the authenticity of information, which opens its ideological significance and practical significance, methods of its analysis and evaluation.The scientific studied material give reference historiographical discussion on important issues;explanation or visual proof of the fallacy of some well-established findings and assessments by comparing them with historical documents and authoritative scientific publications;the use of certificates of contemporaries and software quotes;a special selection of facts showing the trends and patterns of historical processes;evidentiary disclosure of their historical significance;comparison of similar phenomena of national and world history;explanation of the origin of the terms set phrases and aphorisms.
discussed aspects of detention cause situational interest of students.To make it relative stability necessary to develop educational and cognitive skills.This is facilitated by a variety of methods of organizing learning activities, allowing to make the process of formation of abilities invisible and attractive, in particular the type of versioned jobs;to correct the texts with historical errors;text test of knowledge.Students with severe humanitarian oriented pleased to perform tasks on the analysis and systematization of educational material in the form of text tables.In the 5-9-graders effective forms of gaming knowledge and consolidate the survey.
on their lessons in 5-8 classes I conduct lessons consolidate knowledge in the form Drink, Travel, role-playing games of the auction.Lessons from the use of role-playing situations evoke cognitive interest students make the learning process fun.These lessons formed a special atmosphere, where there are elements of creativity and free choice.Develops the ability to work in a group.This often requires the student to overcome his own shyness and indecision, lack of faith in their own strength.Thus, implementing the principle of development, which is expressed not only in the development of the intellect, but also to enrich the emotional sphere, the formation of strong-willed qualities of the person, the formation of self-esteem.In these classes the teacher acts as the organizer of the cognitive activity of students, creating conditions conducive to the development of dialogue and cooperation.
in their lessons, I use these types of training activities as filling crosswords, quizzes, stories on the same topic, preparation of reports play "Who's that?What is it? ", Historical dictations game" Read the description "," of whom it is said? ".Each lesson spend work with new concepts, new dates and fixing.At home the students often ask essays on a particular topic, such as "Visiting the ancient people", "One Day in the medieval city," "On the joust," "The craftsman's workshop."Students write these essays on their behalf and with interest perceive these tasks.Description of typical scenes in the story or the introduction of direct speech they do not cause difficulties.
important source of stimulation of the cognitive interest is the relationship between the participants in the educational process.There are very important:
- high demands to students in conjunction with sincere goodwill;respect for the student, the inadmissibility of emotional breakdown and high tones;targeted education of self-esteem, based on the realization of their intellectual and spiritual growth;
- systematic promotion of creative activity.Indispensable stimulate appreciation of cognitive activity weaker pupils;
- zero tolerance for laziness and dishonesty.The best "punishment" is an individual or group on the topic Ladder, execution of individual creative work.It is necessary to seek to punish eventually turned into a promotion - the highest score and praise to the class.The formation of each student belief that sheer dishonesty of tuition degrading;
- based on individual cognitive interests and aptitudes of each student, areas of his nearest and actual development;
- creating an atmosphere of collectivism as a spiritual brotherhood, mutual aid and moral responsibility to each team;
- objectivity in grading teacher.The teacher should have the courage to admit their mistakes.If you hurt the dignity of the student in the presence of a class, even if it is true, after the exhaustion of the incident teacher should praise or apologize to him in the presence of class.
for junior and middle classes as indicators of formation of interest can be used following its appearance in the classroom: Focusing;questions the students testifying orientation in knowledge and effort to penetrate the essence of the problem;voluntary participation in conversation or discussion, revised and supplemented the responses comrades;readiness to perform tasks;interested attitude to the results of cognitive activity;verbal expression of feelings;emotional excitement;match emotional reaction material.
There are basic cognitive motives of interest:
- broad social motives.If the broad social motives are the only ones not combined with others, they are not considered as indicators of cognitive interest;
- information motive.Lack of information can be seen as a motive complete lack of interest in history.Most often this occurs in children with a pronounced non-humanitarian or exclusively linguistic tendency;
- awareness of their own motive rosta- main engine of student performance indicator training and guarantee the stability of interest.In conjunction with the information he is able to compensate for the motive all the other motives of interest;
- the motif of the practical significance of the subject in junior high verbal.At this age, it has no real impact on the interest of students.Its role increases rapidly in the higher grades;
- the motif of general curiosity.As a rule, it is an indicator of amorphous interests when the student draws not the result of cognitive activity, and the process of learning and related communication.The increase in teaching load and differentiation of interests of students in the upper grades lead to almost complete his disappearance;
-motiv intellectual-spiritual joy - one of the indicators of the depth and stability of interest, its vibrant emotional coloring;
- the motif of prestige is an important condition for the formation of self-evaluation and student.Its role increases markedly in adolescence and early adulthood with the needs of the individual in the social approval and self-affirmation.It is directly linked to the high level of knowledge, skills, success in studies.Otherwise, it should be regarded as an inadequate self-esteem.The absence of a motive of prestige in the presence of others, does not cause concern as it may indicate a lack of ambition of the child.But the disappearance of this motif - the decline in interest rate and are usually accompanied by an increase disincentives;
- the motive of communication.In conjunction with the above motives, he shows a creative atmosphere in the classroom, the desire to improve student knowledge and skills, is a measure of the relative stability of interest;
- tune "like a teacher" plays a crucial role in the early grades, as well as the initial stage of an in-depth study of the history.
main task of a teacher in klasse- students interested in his subject, be interested enough to not have to customize them, to force them to do going forward to the teacher;how to do it, it's a secret everyone, but a serious and interesting content of the lesson, of course, adapted to a students' age, and especially beautiful, lively, interesting story can help achieve this goal, but to achieve the above object, the teacher must necessarily, otherwise the result will be bad,Work goes sluggish, somehow;uninteresting, boring thing never goes well.
teacher should develop the initiative of students, to teach them to work, to read serious books, good to express their thoughts.
teacher should give their students a certain amount of knowledge and should ensure that they have the knowledge learned well.Thus it is necessary to apply different methods of teaching.
