each part of speech is characterized by certain only her inherent traits.This allows you to group the words of the Russian language, depending on their grammatical properties.Their study involved a special section of the Russian Language - morphology, taking into account, inter alia, non-permanent and permanent morphological features of an adjective, noun, verb, and so on. D. Knowledge of the significant parts of speech and service helps accurately produce morphological analysis and properly build phrases and sentences.
In Russian, there is a clear framework for the analysis.For each independent part of speech it includes a definition of a generalized grammatical meaning (including the question), the morphological features (permanent and non), syntactic function in the sentence.
What adjective
this significant part of the speech, which is often used in the descriptive texts.Adjectives denote permanent attributes of objects and answer the questions: What?whose?They shall enter into meaningful connection with the formation of nouns and phrases agree with them in number, gender, case (non-permanent signs).This part of the speech can indicate the property subject without his relationship (
division into categories
adjective could describe the subject from different angles:
- in shape and position in space: round ball, steep slope ;
- in size and color: huge tree, green lawn ;
- of physical qualities: warm day ;
- of intellectual and physiological properties: silly child, my good man ;
- of temporal and spatial basis: morning newspaper, a city noise ;
- the material from which made the thing: straw man ;
- intended: sleeping suit ;
- of accessories: uncle suitcase .
constant feature of the adjective - is their division into three categories: quality ( hot coffee ), relative ( winter walk ) and possessive ( Daddy's tie ).They are based on the value that necessarily relates to the noun.
qualitative adjectives
most productive group of the parts of speech.Qualitative adjectives - carriers such characteristic which may occur in the subject to a greater or lesser extent, which often manifests itself as much comparison.The second important feature of this group - the use of the short form.It does not change on cases and a predicate, t. E. Predicate in a sentence.
constant feature of this discharge adjective appear as follows.
- word can have, along with complete the short form: huge table .
- presence of degrees of comparison: this picture is beautiful, the house a tall, strong fighter, the biggest holiday .
- ability to form the following groups of words: adverbs on -o , -e : sweeter ;abstract nouns: greens ;forms containing a subjective assessment: clever ;compound adjectives (by repeating): delicious, delicious ;cognate words with the prefix non : intelligent .
- the possibility of entering into a pair of synonyms or antonyms: Mr. oryachy-cold-warm (tea) .
- Use adverbs with the value of the degree at all, VERY, VERY, and so on. N .: very heavy rain .
Not all of the above signs of permanent adjective must be shown in the word.Suffice it to one of them that can be attributed to qualitative adjective.By the way, some of them have only short form: should be glad and others.
Many words that are not derived discharge: hot, blue .Frequent are also cases of their formation from nouns ( cream ), verbs ( movable boy ), other adjectives: quality ( gloomy view) or relative and possessive - golden hands, bear walk .It should be noted, and the formation of new words by adding one root or repetitive: white-white carpet .
knowledge of all features can correctly identify signs of permanent adjective, t. E. Discharge.
Education degrees of comparison
ability to emerge from the object to a greater or lesser extent, is sometimes perceived as a permanent feature of the adjective.Meanwhile category level comparisons can take several forms (this is an indication of the volatility).It is a distinctive feature of it is qualitative adjectives.
Education degrees of comparison:
| Positive (without evaluation) | Comparison | Excellent | ||
| simple | component | simple | component | |
| Beautiful | Prettier | more beautiful | Beautiful | most beautiful, more beautiful than any |
As the table shows, the simple form form suffixes ( e, is its, -she, -aysh-, -eysh ), and component - the special words that are added to complete the form ( more, less, most ) or simplethe comparative degree ( all ).Another way - suppletive, t. E. On a different basis: good - the best (Comrade) .
word used in a simple comparative degree, remain unchanged.
Signs relative adjectives
Immediately it should be noted that this group of words does not possess any of the above qualities.The sign, which they represent, necessarily relate to other object or event.This manifests itself in the possibility of replacing the phrase [noun + adjective] synonymous [noun + noun].For example, a wooden fence = fence made of wood.The ratio of one object to another at the relative adjectives could be as follows:
- on time: last year's meeting ;
- post: motet ;
- of material: metal rod ;
- intended: clocks .
For relative adjectives are also complex, the first of which - the name of the cardinal: two-storey building, a three-year kid .
Permanent morphological characteristics of the adjective relative manifested in the fact that they have only the full form.
Education
derivative basis for relative adjectives are nouns, verbs, adverbs, and the method of education - suffix ( -n-, -an-, -yan-, -invariant, -enn-, -onn-,-l- ).For example, hazy look, clay bowl, lecture time, revision .
Permanent signs possessive adjective
This group expresses the object belongs to someone: humans, animals.First of all, they can be identified on: whose ?They, like a relative, have degrees of comparison, comprehensive and concise manner.These are the main signs of permanent adjective of discharge.
peculiarity possessive adjectives is their morphemic structure.They are formed from nouns by using suffixes -ov-, -ev-, -invariant, -iy- : fathers office, my mother's coat, fox ears .If a qualitative and relative adjectives matched is the end ( blue-it- it), then the possessive suffix, visible when recording transcription (sound structure) words.For example: fox [ l IP th, -eva ].
adjectives transition from one category to another
meaning and grammatical features of an adjective often conditional.They can acquire a figurative meaning, and move from one category to another.Thus, the relative adjective often acts as a high-quality, especially in works of art (an additional means of expression).This can be seen on the example of the adjective phrases IRON: door - relative, will - quality.
Inverse processes are not so frequent.Qualitative adjective usually changes the category in case a part of the term: light industry .
possessing similar properties, and possessive adjectives.And often it refers to words related to animals.For example, a combination of words cleft different nouns: hole (possessive), cap (relative - of what?), cowardice (qualitative).
