Quotes are able to decorate the text, confirming or wider revealing remark made by the author, therefore, probably, they readily use in journalism and scientific papers.But sometimes the introduction of text citations may be difficult in terms of punctuation.
In this article we will try to remember the rules of registration of quotations at different ways of including them in the text.Let us remember what the punctuation should be used at the same time, as well as methods for the isolation of some words in the quoted passage.
What is the quote: Quote
example - it is verbatim what was said, at the same time inextricably linked within the meaning of the text, where the passage is included.
Old age - is, above all, the experience gained over a lifetime.As I said by the great Faina Ranevskaya: "Memories - a wealth of old age."
Combining several passages from different parts of the work in one of the quotations are not allowed.They should be made as various quotes.It is imperative and availability indication of its source.
If you have given is the place does not start at the original proposal, then there is put in quotation dots.In place of all the missing words in the passage and put this sign.
«... A wise man knows how to get out of a difficult situation, but a wise man never misses it," - stressed Ranevskaya.
as the author or source of the quoted passage
about how bibliographic reference is made in this article, we will not tell, but will discuss the ways in which states the author or the source cited.Good manners require to do this every time you use someone else's idea.
So, if a reference to the source or references to the author's name you want to put immediately after the quotes, they decided to bracket.
«have incompetent people have a tendency to unequivocal and categorical conclusions" (David Dunning).
Note that point after the quotes in this version does not attempt, to put it only after the link!By the way, if the first word in brackets, indicating the source, not a proper name, it is written in small letters.
«have incompetent people have a tendency to unequivocal and categorical conclusions" (from an article by psychologist David Dunning).
If the design requires citations in the text to make the name of the author or source on the other line, they are written without the parentheses and other punctuation marks.After most quotations preceded by a point or any desired character.
have incompetent people have a tendency to categorical and unequivocal conclusions.
David Dunning
The same rule applies to the epigraphs.
Allocation inside quotes
If in the passage as a quotation are copyrights allocation, they are stored in the same form as the primary source.Registration does not require special quotations to emphasize that these marks belong to the author.In cases when the highlight something wants to quote, he must make respective footnote.To this end, in parentheses indicate "my emphasis" or "emphasis mine" - and put initials.
A. Elders spoke about the writer O. Henry: "Endowed by nature with a rare gift to see the fun ... he collided with a tragic life ... but in most cases prefer to remain silent about this (my italics - I.IV). "
initials of the author, and puts in a case where there is a need to introduce further clarifications quote.
«literary tradition connecting them names (Gogol and Ostrovsky - II), is significant.After Ostrovsky initially perceived as a direct successor of Gogol ... »
ways in which citations are introduced in the context of
Quotes can be entered in the proposal as a direct speech.In these cases, and punctuation marks in Russian are placed as well as the allocation of direct speech.
I. Zakharov points out: "Ranevskaya endured another brutal determination, looks like a decision of the courts.But also did not spare himself. "
In cases if the citation should be divided to the author, it looks like this:
«His Majesty is quite sure - wrote A.Pushkin AHBenkendorf - that you'll use different abilities of your on the transmitted to posterity the glory of our Motherland ... »
If a quote - a supplement, or whether it comes in the subordinate part of a complex sentence, no marks except quotation marks are not placed, and the very passage begins withsmall letter, even if it was written in the source of a large:
At the time, the philosopher John. Locke said that "there is nothing in the intellect, which would not have been in a sense."
punctuation at the end of quotation
Separately should consider drawing quotes in writing in situations where you need to decide on the punctuation marks at the end of it - before and after the quotation marks.
- If quoted phrase ends with an ellipsis, question or exclamation mark, then they are put in front of quotes:
Katharine Hepburn exclaimed: "Obeying all the rules, depriving themselves of the set pleasures!»
- And in a situation where the quote before the quotation marksNo signs at the end offers a dot, but only after them:
Ranevskaya lamented: "85 years of diabetes - not sugar."
- If the quote - it's part of the subordinate clause, the point after the quotation marks should be put, even if the front of them already have either an exclamation or a question mark or an ellipsis:
Marlene Dietrich rightly believes that "tender is the best proof of love,than the most passionate oath ... ".
Lowercase or uppercase letter is the beginning quote?
If the quote is placed after the colon, it is necessary to pay attention to what, with what letter it starts at the primary source.If the lower case - the quote is written with a small, but before the text is put dots:
describing ASPushkin, IAGoncharov stressed: "... in the gestures that accompany his speech, restraint was secular, well-bred man."
If driven passage begins with a capital letter, the registration of citations is the same as in direct speech - with a capital letter after a colon.
B. Lakshin wrote about ANOstrovsky: "A lot continues to play these plays alive with fun and pain echoing in our hearts."
Even some nuances notation quotes
How quotation mark, if you want to bring only one word or phrase?In such cases, the reported word enclosed in quotation marks in the offer and entered in small letters:
B. Lakshin emphasized that persons in comedy Ostrovsky historically accurate and "ethnographic bright."
In situations where the primary source of quotes is not in the public domain (no translation into Russian or a rare edition), then the citation should indicate "cited.by".
Can I change something in the quoted passage
Making citations not only requires compliance with the rules of punctuation, and correct attitude to the quoted text.From the author of the article, which contains these passages may be only a few departures from their initial state:
- use of modern spelling and punctuation when writing manner and placement of signs is not a sign of individual style of the author;
- recovery abbreviated words, but with the obligatory conclusion of the finish in square brackets, for example, of St. - St. [Øystein] in;
- design allows citations and omission of the words in them, with the designation of the place pass dots, if it does not distort the general sense of the passage driven;
- when the individual phrases or words, you can change their deaths, so as not to disturb the sentence syntactic structure in which they are included.
If the author is required in addition to express their attitude to the quoted passage, or to some to him, he usually puts them after in parentheses question or exclamation mark.
Not only punctuation marks in the Russian language should be used to transmit quotes
for writing a scientific or literary work of the author, the quote - it is a compelling and cost-effective technique that allows you to present the facts to the reader to carry out their generalization and, of course, prove his point linkto authoritative sources.
nonscientific text citations is often a means of emotional impact.But we must not forget that the passage is driven to be transmitted accurately.After all, even in the definition of "quote" emphasizes that it is transmitted verbatim excerpt from some of the text.It follows from this that not only the text, but also punctuation marks are available from the author, as well as isolation, that is, he must be reproduced without distortion.
And it is equally possible to carry as official documents, and in emotional excerpts from literature.Only with this in mind, we can fully understand what the quote.An example of respect for the quoted material - is, above all respect for the author who wrote the string given by you.
