With the improvement of air attack likely opponent in the late sixties needed new air defense system.Each of the means to combat the objectives of flying has its own advantages, but they managed not without flaws.One of the attempts to create a universal weapon capable of destroying targets at different heights, moving at different speeds, was the Soviet IRC "Tunguska".The fact that behind this codename and what were the preconditions of its appearance on the arms, will be discussed in this article.
missiles or anti-aircraft gun-gun?
In the second half of the XX century the main means of defense became a rocket.Its advantage was evident during the famous incident of 1960, when the spy plane flying on a hitherto unattainable height, was shot down by Soviet air defense.At the speed of the rocket more than any artillery shell, and it gets higher.She has, however, a significant drawback - the price, but for her, when there is a question of the safety of air borders, stand not.In the early 80s, the Soviet Army had air defense missile-gun complex 2c6 "Tunguska", which is a moving complex, combining and missile and artillery weapons.Such opportunities, combining "two in one" at that time had no air defense system in the world.In order to realize the urgent need for such kind of weapons, took a detailed analysis of modern military conflicts that took place then, thankfully, beyond the borders of our country.
Experience of SLM and the general concept of "Tunguska»
1973, the Middle East.During the Yom Kippur War, Soviet specialists officers assisted Arab countries participating in the conflict, including Egypt.
October 15 tracking stations Egypt reported approaching from the Mediterranean group of Israeli "Phantoms", consisting of dozens of aircraft.They were at a low altitude, coming on the Nile Delta.
purpose of the enemy were Egyptian airfields.Since the Israeli Air Force pilots tried to avoid the risk of being shot down Soviet-made anti-aircraft missiles, capable of hitting aircraft flying at medium and high altitudes, but they got a nasty surprise.Among the many tributaries at the confluence of the river ancient Egyptians placed in the sea on rafts, pontoons self-propelled anti-aircraft "Shilka" literally vsporovshie plane fuselages and "Phantom" for its quick-firing gun.These ZSU had their own radar and very good automation, helps guide aimed fire, and used as the North Vietnamese troops during the reflection of American aggression.In a sense, it was the heir ZSU "Tunguska".SAM air defense systems were limited to the lower limit of height, and self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon - the top.And in the Soviet Union decided to combine the capabilities of these two types of air defense resources in a single system.
Variations, modifications, and titles
complex entered service with the Soviet Army in 1982, just after the release of Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP first experimental batch of machines.From the outset, the project was classified top secret, this explains some of the differences in coding, numbers and letters, which it is displayed in the public domain.Sometimes, the name appears in the press 2S16 ("Tunguska").Anti-missile system 2S6 correct labeling, apparently there was a typographical error, but it is possible that the "16" - is also some variety.Improving military hardware is ongoing, it is normal practice in all armies of the world.In 1990 there was a "Tunguska-M."Anti-aircraft gun-missile system has been upgraded and given a new circuit control system includes a laser rangefinder, the determinant of "friend or foe" and the power plant became duplicated auxiliary power unit.
Modernization and have developed after the collapse of the Soviet Union in the difficult 90s.As a result they became a gun-missile system "Tunguska-M1", the disclosure of which became available due to the fact that this modification was exported, in particular in India.The code used most often - 2K22.This factory designation IRC "Tunguska".Anti-aircraft gun-missile system, and NATO has "name" - "SA-19 Grison."
Electronic eyes and brain
From the very name of the complex it is clear that its armament consists of two components - the artillery and anti-aircraft missile.Both of these elements have individual guidance system, but the radar, providing the flow of information on air situation, they share (in two ranges).These are the "eyes" looking for purpose in a circular mode.Sectoral search is provided by station maintenance, and if the possibility of visual contact is allowed and the use of optical means.
newest system can not only identify your or someone else's vehicle, but reliably report its nationality to a distance of 18 km.
2C6 (or ZRPK 2S16) "Tunguska" can lead tracking aerial targets on several algorithms (slow, three-axis angular two-coordinate), using data from their own radar or external radar stations.The necessary calculations are performed on-board built TSEVM.Go to a specific way of managing accompaniment or firing is performed automatically, depending on the degree of electronic warfare and interference.If it is impossible to make automatic calculations fire is in manual mode.
Artillery
Self-propelled anti-aircraft installation "Shilka" (ZSU-23-4) has shown to be highly effective, but at the end of the 70s it ceased to meet the performance characteristics of the Soviet military.Claims shall be first presented to the insufficient size (22 mm), is caused by a relatively small radius of destruction.Guns ZRPK 2S16 "Tunguska" more powerful tridtsatimillimetrovye, and their number has decreased by half, there were two.This is exactly the case where less is better.The firing range has increased from 2.5 to 8 km and the intensity of the fire, despite the lower number of stems, increased from 3.4 to 5 rounds per minute.
Rockets
main weapons complex - a two-stage-controlled missile 9M311.He arranged very interesting.The first stage - solid fuel, is a lightweight fiberglass shell filled with fuel.The second part takes place directly defeat the purpose, there is no engine, it moves like an artillery shell with a pulse obtained when accelerating, but it can be controlled by the gas generator, which is located in the tail section.Communication with the missile control station - Optical that provides the perfect immunity.Guidance is carried out in a semi-automatic mode, using the radio command lettered frequencies, installed just before the start with ZRPK "Tunguska".Air defense missile-gun complex circuitry eliminates the possibility of their electronic intercept or redirect missiles.To ensure the defeat of the purpose of the strike is not necessary, the fuse will provide expansion rod submunitions at the desired distance in contactless mode.Eight launchers.
Chassis
mobile elements of air defense in the frontal area for action which, in fact, is a complex, impossible without a powerful, reliable, and high-speed gear with high traffic.In order to avoid unnecessary expenditure, it was decided to mount anti-aircraft missile and gun system 2K22 "Tunguska" on the chassis of the GM-352 previously developed self-propelled "Wasp".Speed, which develops car on the highway - 65 km / h in off-road terrain or repress it, of course, lower (10 to 40 km / h).Diesel engine B-46-2S1 capacity of 710 liters.from.It provides elevation angle of 35 °.Suspension of rollers caterpillars individual, with hydro pneumatic actuators including height adjustment and lift the body off the ground.
crew
protection personnel provided bulletproof and fragment protective booking welded housing.In the nose of the vehicle the driver is located, except for him, three more people who are in the mobile tower (commander, a radar operator and gunner), make up the crew ZRPK "Tunguska".Antiaircraft missile and gun system responds to changes in the situation within 8 seconds, recharge it (with the help of special machines on the basis of KAMAZ-43101) is 16 minutes.
These timeframes require different proficiency and qualifications achieved constant training work.
creators complex
special word deserves the chief designer of the system - Shipunov AG and VP dirt, designed the gun, and the main expert on rockets - VM Kuznetsov, which was created by the efforts of "Tunguska ".Anti-aircraft missile-gun system is the result of cooperation of many companies of the USSR.Tracked chassis manufactured in Minsk tractor plant in the guidance systems and debug going on the "signals" Optics - the Leningrad LOMO.The work involved and other scientific and industrial organizations of the Soviet Union.
Artillery weapons produced in Tula, rockets collected in Kirov ("Lighthouse").
Experience of
Currently in the world there is no more powerful mobile air defense system than the "Tunguska".Anti-aircraft gun-missile system, however, for its intended purpose has not yet been applied.During the fighting in Chechnya was used to fire strikes against ground targets, but for this purpose there are specialized kinds of equipment and ammunition.The armor protection 2K22 was insufficient to conduct land warfare.After two dozen IRC "Tunguska-M1" Fifteen were injured (mainly as a result of shots RPG), the command has come to a natural conclusion of the poor efficiency of air defense in a guerrilla war.The consolation could be the lack of casualties among the personnel.
organizational structure
air defense "Tunguska-M" for the destruction of such complex goals like helicopters and low-flying cruise missiles.In the context of a dynamic battlefield, each such machine can make independent decisions based on the operational situation, but the greatest efficiency is provided by the group to use.To do this, the Army organized the corresponding management structure.
Each platoon consisting of four ZRPK "Tunguska" anti-aircraft missile and gun system, equipped with a centralized point of command "Rankings" is commanding form together with a platoon, armed with air defense system "Arrow", a larger connection - mobile missileArtillery anti-aircraft battery.In turn, the batteries are subject to a regimental or divisional management structure.
