lexical structure of the Russian language is diverse and very interesting.There are many original words known only to a narrow circle of persons.In lexicology call them restrictions in the use and release into special groups.Among these are professional, obsolete and dialect words.Recent
often can be heard in the countryside.They exist primarily in colloquial speech and usually reflect existing realities there.And for the name of the same object residents equally may use different versions: the "local" vernacular.
dialect words - what is it?
«Behind the house seletok grazing."Not many heard this sentence will understand what is at stake.It is understandable.Seletkov in the Russian village is sometimes called a foal.
dialect - words that are actively used the inhabitants of a particular area and are not included in any of the groups of lexical language.Their distribution can be limited to a few localities or the whole region.
interest in 'local' way in Russia arose in the 18th century.Since then, the leading linguists and linguists, among whom V. Dahl, Potebnya, Shakhmatov, Vygotsky et al., Have made great efforts in this direction.They looked at various options and examples of use of the word dialect.In the literature, both domestic and foreign word today intersects with concepts such as linguistic geography (especially vocabulary in different areas), social dialectology (takes into account age, profession, social status of local media say).
Group dialects in Russian
In Russia, there are several variants of dialects.The basic principle of association of dialect words in the group - territorial.According to this isolated southern and northern dialect, which, in turn, include several dialects.Between them Central Russian dialects, which became the basis for the formation of the modern Russian language, and therefore the greatest way close to the literary norm.
For each group characterized by their dialect words.Examples of these ratios (including the commonly used): House - chalet (sat.) - Hata (South.)talk - bait (sat.) - Gutara (South.).
Education dialect words
everyone says, as a rule, has its own distinctive features.In addition, science decided to allocate several groups, which include education in a manner different dialect words (examples are given in comparison with the norm).
- Actually vocabulary.They either do not have any connection with the words in the literary language (eg, protein in the Pskov region - Vaxjo, basket in Voronezh - sapetka) or formed from the existing root and preserve its main value (in Smolensk region: banitsya - then steam).
- lexical-word formation.Different from common words with only one affix: the poor man - the Don troubles, talkative - Ryazan razgovorchity etc.
- phonemic.Unlike existing literary norm is one phoneme (sound): andyuk instead of turkey, pahmurny - ieovercast.
- Osemanticheskie.Fully identical to a common word in sound, writing and shape, but different lexical meaning: a treadmill in the Smolensk region - agile, noodles in the Ryazan region - the name of the chicken pox.
Detailing life through dialect words
Many areas have their own particular way of life, morals, relations between people, which often find expression in speech.To recreate a complete picture of life in such cases, it is possible through the dialect words.Examples of words that produce individual components in the overall pattern of the daily life:
- ways of stacking the bales of hay or straw (common name - Baburka) in the Pskov region: soyanka - small styling, odonok - large;
- name foal in the Yaroslavl area: up to 1 year - sucker, from 1 to 2 years old - snow crab, from 2 to 3 years - Ucka.
designation ethnographic or geographic features
Another option - when the dialect words (examples and their significance always attract interest from "outsiders") help to understand the life of the device itself.So, in the north of the house and it made all the outbuildings to build under one roof.Hence the large number of "local" words denoting the different parts of a house: the bridge - canopy and porch, cottage - a living room, ceiling - loft tower - a living room in the attic, the shed - a barn, Zhirkov - a place in the barn for the cattle.
Meshersky The region is the main economic branch of forestry.With it, it tied a large group of names that form a dialect words.Examples of words: dust - the saw, needles - iglishnik carved a place in the forest - slashing, a person engaged in the clearing of stumps - peneshnik.
Use of dialect words in fiction
writers working on the product, using all available means to recreate the atmosphere and appropriate disclosure of images of heroes.Important role in this play dialect words.Examples of their use can be found in the works of Pushkin, Turgenev, Esenin, Sholokhov, F. Abramov, V. Rasputin, V. Astafieva, Prishvin and many others.Most refer to the dialect words writers, whose childhood was spent in the village.As a rule, the authors themselves give a footnote containing the interpretation of the words and the place of their use.
dialect feature in the artwork may be different.But in any case they give the text of the uniqueness and help to realize the author's idea.
example, Esenin - a poet, whose main means of recreation of village life are just Ryazan dialect words.Examples of their use "in an old dilapidated shushune" - the kind of women's clothing, "the threshold to dezhke brew" - wooden tub for the dough.
Korolenko use local words when creating a landscape sketches: "I look at the ... honeydew" - the gorge.Or Turgenev: "... the last area (large thicket of bushes) will disappear."
The so-called "village" writers a way to create a literary image - the hero's speech, which includes the dialect words.Examples: "vospod (the Lord) your benefits (help)" at V. Astaf'eva, "one (they) ... iznahratyat earth (spoil)" - at V. Rasputin.
value dialect words can be found in the dictionary: in an explanatory they will be marked region.- Regional or DIAL.- Dialect.The largest is a special dictionary "Dictionary of Russian folk dialects."
entry dialect in literary language
sometimes happens that a word, once used only a certain group of people goes into the category of common.It's a long process, especially in the case of "local" words, but it has a place in our time.
So, very few people come to mind, which is quite well-known word "swish" in origin a dialect.This is indicated by the mark of Ivan Turgenev in "Notes of a Hunter", "reeds rustled, as we say," ie,Orel province.The writer first word is used as an onomatopoeia.
or at least common - a tyrant who, during Ostrovsky was a dialect in the Pskov and Tver provinces.Due to the playwright, it has acquired a second birth, and today no one raises questions.
These are not isolated examples.On the dialect word used to resemble an owl, tues, catch.
fate of dialect words in our time
Due to the increase in recent years, migration within the country, dialects now speaks mainly the older generation.The reason is simple - their language was formed under the conditions, when the integrity of the people in some regions of Russia was strong.The greater the work of people who study dialect words that's just now becoming a way of studying the ethnographic and cultural development and identity of the Russian people, emphasize its individuality and originality.For the current generation - it is a living memory of the past.
