Yes it burn in hell!Hell rabotenka.The infernal heat.The failure of it all to hell!The word "hell" has become commonplace and the people using it, did not think about the true meaning of the term.No one, not to mention the infernal heat, can not imagine a cauldron of boiling sulfur.Hell rabotenka - is not foamy hell, tired waving pitchforks.A living hell - a crush at rush hour, the scandal at the planning meeting and a noisy quarrel with neighbors.For the majority of his contemporaries the word - just a figure of speech, saying, as usual, that it did not even notice.From a place of eternal torment posthumous hell turned into a meaningless abstraction, an illustration for a collection of folklore.
evolution of the concept of retribution
is difficult today to find a man who would consider it probable existence of a classical medieval hell.However, even supporters of the strict canon of Christianity less.Many believe in abstract nameless God - the embodiment of a higher power and higher justice.Those who consider themselves Christians, it could be considered a reasonable concept of rebirth, it does not seem a paradox.But the concept of posthumous retribution is still relevant, only now it is less literally.
Now even religious people talking about the afterlife punishment for sin suggest still something intangible, spiritual properties rather than licking hot pans.For atheists and representatives of several non-Christian religions is generally only a legend.Hell, in their opinion, does not exist.If divine retribution and fall on the heads of sinners here on earth - let's say, in the next life.But not so long ago not to believe in hell was as strange as it is now seriously discussing the resin and horned devils.
In this case the fact of posthumous reward are not usually contested.As Voltaire said, if God does not exist, it would have to invent.With the devil and hell - the same story.In life, not so often bad things entail punishment.Moreover, very often come across the corrupt energetic fun and healthy cheerful doctors takers.And this is not a sign of time.Dishonesty - the simplest way to enrich and cruelty and dishonesty - an easy way to get what you want without any moral agony.
Justice of the Ancient World
have this moral dilemma there are two options.Either accept such an injustice as an integral part of life, or create an effective deterrent.That is the most unscrupulous and aggressive waited straight road to hell.
On the first path went paganism.Strong - human, he gets better, stronger - the darling of the gods.A faint blame themselves.Survival of the fit more.This was paganism.The behavior was regulated exclusively by the law and traditions.So do not be - but as you can.Not "Thou shalt not kill", and do not kill the guest, do not kill in the church, do not kill you broke bread.And in other cases - a "tit for tat" or pay Viru.
This is evident not only in the Greek and Egyptian myths.Even in the Old Testament there are traces of this ancient cruel world.Often the behavior of the characters can not be agreed with the norms of Christian morality.They lie, betray and kill.But they revere the commandments - the countless rules and prohibitions governing the conduct and life.They believe in one God and enjoy his unquestionable protection.Why is that?Because that was the world of those times.If you're successful - you are pleasing to God, he protects you.If not ... well.Apparently, you are a sinner.The brutal Darwinian theory, justified by religion.In such circumstances, the hell - this is an obvious exaggeration.Why would someone be punished if it can simply hack to death with the sword?Retribution here and now, with his own hand, of course, if you can.
Why the hell
Later, with the advent of Christianity (and the Old Testament - is not Christianity, it is much earlier), the situation has changed.Christ said, "Thou shalt not kill, do not steal, and love your neighbor."All.That's all the rules.The Christian conception of man, pleasing to God - this is a sample of humanity with a minimum of external attributes.It does not matter whether you varish lamb in its mother's milk.It does not matter which hand you bathe after using the toilet.The only thing that matters - it's the soul.Vector shifted.
In pagan times it was immediately clear, whom the gods love.Rich - it means love, so worthy.Helps in cases bestow good fortune.If the wicked - living in poverty and bad.What kind of further retribution can we talk?What about Christians?In this, then very young religion, foreign internal attributiveness replaced.A good man who keeps all the commandments could be poor and sick and miserable.Moreover, certain peasant who does not steal and rob, robber is poorer and brothel.But how is this possible?Where then is the justice?This is where it appears the concept of retribution.Heaven and Hell - those are the sticks and carrots that govern human behavior, in their beliefs and moral criteria fugitive.After all, if someone considers lying and stealing wrong, it is in any case will not do.But if he hesitates ... This is where it comes to the aid and the concept of posthumous retribution.Doing the right thing - and be awarded.And if sin ... Hell - an eternity full of torments.It is a powerful argument in favor of the correct choice.
doctrine of purgatory
However, it is assumed to be infinite punishment and satisfactory.It then turns out that the one who stole the chicken, and the one who set fire to the shelter, get almost the same punishment.All one way - to hell.Yes, probably a thief in the boiler is the sulfur to the ankle, while the arsonist - by the throat.Yet, if we look at this situation from the perspective of eternity ... Not so this is true.
Therefore, Catholicism was introduced the doctrine of purgatory.This is - hell, but hell of a time.Place repentance of sinners, not committed the unpardonable sin.They're serving sentences purifying suffering, and then, at the end of the allotted period, go to heaven.
This dogma has even confirmed in the Bible, though indirectly.After all, the relatives of the dead are requested to bring the redemptive sacrifice and pray for the repose of the soul, and so it makes sense.But if the punishment is eternal and unchanging, while pleading not change anything and therefore useless.
Catholicism - the only branch of Christianity, of the view that sinners go to hell, not only, but also in purgatory.And Protestants, and the Orthodox Church believe that about any temporary vicarious judgment and speech can not be.But really, what's the point in the memorial church services?After all, they do not change anything.Especially interesting is the answer to this question, when these memorial rites are conducted on a fee basis and declared the Church necessary for the deceased.There is an obvious paradox.
What is hell
What exactly happens in hell - a mystery.The Bible says that it is - a place of eternal torment, but what exactly?This question is of interest to many philosophers and theologians.There are many concepts and conjectures.In the debates on the subject of the Middle Ages theologians broke spears centuries.Who and what is supposed to reward looks like hell, and what is happening there?These issues are always interested in people.Sermons devoted to this theme, the congregation enjoyed great popularity.
Now many believe that hell - it really is a description taken from religious texts.It is quite logical picture: the division into sectors for each type of sinners - their.With the deepening of the sins of all the harder, and car - all the more severe.
Actually hell in this form came up with the Italian poet and philosopher Dante Alighieri.In his "Divine Comedy", he described his own journey through the afterlife: purgatory, heaven and hell.Each of these worlds consisted of sectors.The phrase: "On the tenth heaven" - is also there.The Divine Comedy Paradise consisted of ten heavens.Finally, the highest heaven, Emporium, intended for pure, blessed souls.
Dante's Hell
Hell described in his poem "The Divine Comedy", consisted of nine rounds:
- First round - Limb.They waited for the Day of Judgment, those who did not know the Word of God is not of their own accord: unbaptized babies and clean soul pagans.
- second round - for pohotlivtsev and libertines.Eternal hurricane, the endless spinning and hitting the rocks.
- Third round - for gluttons.They are rotting under the endless rain.
- fourth circle - for misers and spendthrifts.They drag huge stones, constantly engaging for them to quarrel and fight.
- fifth circle - for violent and bored.Marsh, which is infinitely angry battle, trampling underfoot the bottom, consisting of bodies of dull people.
- sixth circle - for false prophets and heretics.They lie in flaming tombs.
- seventh circle - for the rapists.They boil the blood, suffering in the wilderness.They tear the dogs and harpy, striking arrows pours rain of fire.
- Eighth circle - those who betrayed the trust of them.They are waiting for an infinite variety of sentences.Flagellation, fire hooks and resin.For them, hell - it's devouring snakes and turning into snakes, endless suffering and disease.
- Ninth Circle - traitors.Their punishment - ice.They are frozen into it up to his neck.
Geography hell
But nightmarish description - it's really a hell invented by poets and writers.Of course, he was a deeply religious man, but "Divine Comedy" - are not apocryphal.And not even a theological treatise.This is just a poem.And whatever it is described - it is only the fruit of the author's imagination.Of course, Dante was a genius, so the poem gained world fame.The idea of a split in the circles of hell and heaven, towering one above the other, into a truth so familiar that people did not even know who was its author.
questions about how and where the hell is it actually looks, wondering not only Dante.Versions have been set.Most of the theologians put Hell underground, some believed that volcanoes - is the way to hell.The argument supporting this theory is the fact that with the deepening of the ground temperature rose.It could confirm any miner.Of course, the reason for this was the fiery hell boilers.The deeper the mine - the closer to hell.
Once the scientists were able to accurately answer the question about what is happening in the sky and on the ground, the concept had to be revised.Now, scholars are inclined to think that heaven and hell, and if there are literally, it just is not in our world.Though, most likely, this category yet spiritual.To torment does not need boiling cauldrons and to enjoy - paradise.Spiritual anguish and joy no less tangible than physical.
But you can still find a note in which it is reported that geologists drilling too carried away, and now the underworld is well.In hell, according to journalists, you can travel on a spaceship - because the sun perfectly fits the definition.Big and hot - there will be a place all sinners.
Hell and Hades
However, what the hell - a place of eternal torment, the theory is relatively new.After all, in pagan times, too, it was the afterlife.In ancient Greece, people believed that after death the souls of men cross the river of forgetfulness, getting into the realm of the dead - Hades.There they wander forever forgetful and do not realize themselves.And the kings and beggars, and great warriors - all are equal before the face of death.Whoever lives in the people - all of it will be, it is a shadow, for which there is no past, no future.Rules Hades the god of the underworld, Hades, too.He was not angry, he was not, and the god of death.I separate the soul from the body of Thanatos, and followed her to the afterlife Hermes.Hades rules the realm of the dead, no atrocities and crimes are not committed.Compared with the other gods of the Greek pantheon, he was very good-natured and nezlobliv.So when films depict Aida like a demon - it is very far from the truth.Underworld - not the kingdom of evil and pain.Hades - a place of eternal rest and forgetfulness.Later the same idea of the afterlife and the Romans took over.
Such a world does not look like a familiar concept of hell.The origin of the name, however, scientists beyond doubt.Hell - a Greek Hades, only one letter "lost."
Gods and demons
Christians borrowed from the Greeks not only the name of underground world.Hells Angels, then there are demons, horned and goat-footed - this is virtually doubles satyrs and fauns.These lower deities traditionally served as a model of male power and tireless - and hence fertility.
In the ancient world a high libido, ability to fertilize definitely regarded as a manifestation of vitality.Consequently, they were directly connected with abundant seedlings, with crops, livestock with offspring.The traditional embodiment of vitality, vitality, fertility - goat.He borrowed the hooves and horns of fauns, and he is - one of the incarnations of Satan.
Hades is also traditionally considered the god of fertility and wealth.The underground world - a world of silver, gold and precious stones.The ground bury the seed to spring it rose crop.
monstrous, contrary to human nature kozlorogoe fiend - it's just an ancient, lost grandeur god of fertility.It is difficult to say why it happened.On the one hand, a new religion often borrows elements of its predecessor, while their creative recycling.However, Christianity - ascetic religion, lust and fornication condemning.From this perspective, the god of fertility really looks the epitome of sin.
Hell personalities
If lower demonic hierarchy, devoid of individual traits, is derived from the pagan gods, here's the highest echelons of power devilish - good piece, the author.As well, however, as the saints.The Bible says only one God - and one of the devil.There are angels and there are fallen angels.All.The rest - a religion introduced by reflections of theologians and scholars who argue that such a heaven and hell.It - artificial spawning.That is why the new Christian denominations, such as Protestantism, deny the existence of the saints and demons personalized.
Hell's Angels, the highest demonic hierarchy, first mentioned in the Middle Ages.About them experts, theologians and demonology, inquisitors investigating affairs of witches and heretics.And often their opinions on the expertise of a demon apart.For example, Binsfeld in 1589 wrote that every demon - the embodiment of one of the vices.Pride - Lucifer, lust - Asmodeus, greed - Mammon, gluttony - Beelzebub, anger - Satan, laziness - Belphegor, envy - Leviathan.But two hundred years later, Barrett claimed that the demon of lies - Satan, temptation and seduction - Mamon, revenge - Asmodeus, and the false gods - Beelzebub.This is the opinion of only two professionals.In fact, a lot more confusion.
Or Hell - a place where employees must undergo regular refresher courses and master related knowledge, or demonology is still not entirely sincere.
curious fact.Well-known characters of the novel "The Master and Margarita", Behemoth and Azazello were not invented by the writer, and are taken from the literature on demonology.Behemoth - the demon, which is mentioned in the Book of Enoch.In addition, in the 17th century there was a famous exorcism.Demons cast out of the abbess, and this process was carefully recorded.Behemoth was the fifth demon, who left the poor woman.His head was elephant, and the hind legs - the hippo.
Azazello same - is Azazel, a demon is not a Christian, and Jewish.Bulgakov wrote the truth.It's really a demon of drought and desert.Jews, wandering on dry areas like nobody knew how much can be deadly heat and drought.So make it a demon-killer was quite logical.
