Before proceeding to the analysis of man-made disaster, should define some terms.
emergency situation called the situation that is emerging in certain places or in certain areas under the influence of the accident, accidents, natural phenomena or natural disasters.
disaster is regarded as a phenomenon (natural or manmade) which led to a loss of life.
Avaria considered a phenomenon which occurred during the destruction of buildings, or communication facilities, but it was no human casualties.
emergency situation is considered to be a situation which is inherent in at least one of the following features:
- any disruption or safe life;
- there was a threat to life and health of people;
- threat or occurrence of large material losses, losses;
- the possibility of damage to ecology and the environment.
classification of man-made disaster takes into account the location of the accident, the breadth of its dissemination.
to characterize the scale emergencies accounted
- number of dead and wounded;
- power of social upheaval;
- the ability to instantly and remote economic, physical, psychological consequences;The come
- amount of material damage.
man-made disaster - a process which result in destruction, there are casualties, provoked:
- accidents at chemical industry.They are accompanied by a release of toxic substances, which may be affected by soil, food, water, animals, people, the whole environment.(Example: a fire at the railway station in Nikolskoye).
- damage, malfunction in enterprises with high radiation hazards caused by the loss of life.As a result of such damage arises radioactive contamination of the environment, the exposure of personnel servicing the object.More often exposed to radiation and the population.(Example: Chernobyl).
- collapse (sudden) buildings, communications facilities.These man-made disaster occur in the course of violations of construction technology, non-compliance with the rules of operation of buildings, as a result of exposure to natural forces.(Example: water park in Moscow)
- Accidents on systems designed to ensure the livelihoods of human settlements: water pipelines, power supply systems, gas supply systems.(Example: power outage in Moscow metro 25.05.05).
- traffic accidents that caused damage to buildings, loss of life road traffic accidents, aviation accidents, accidents on the railways, rivers, seas and pipelines.(Example: a plane crash in Jakarta (Indonesia). 48 people were killed during a demonstration flight).
- Fires, explosions caused by human activities.(Example: Fire 02.04.2012, International Business Center "Moscow City", the tower "East").
- Hydrodynamic disaster: dam, dams, etc.(Example: Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station).
By the scale of its distribution technogenic emergencies take into account the number of dead.Depending on this, they are divided into:
- of on-site or locally.The consequences of such disasters do not go beyond the enterprise and can be eliminated without intervention.
- Local.Affected areas of individual settlements without going beyond it.
- Territorial.These man-made disaster beyond one education (republics, territories, autonomous region, and the like)
- Regional.Amaze few edges or areas of the republics and autonomous regions of the Russian Federation.
- Federal.Covers more than 4 territorial entities.
- Transboundary.Such man-made disaster beyond the state.
The most common man-made disasters are developing in the general scheme:
- first accumulate defects, errors and deviations in the operation of the equipment and the manufacturing process.At this stage the accident to handle.
- Occurrence of the event that triggers the accident.Typically, time to react at this moment is not sufficient.
- an accident, developing into a disaster or emergency.
