Jerusalem - a city of contrasts.In Israel, are permanent hostilities between Muslims and Jews, at the same time in this holy place peacefully live Jews, Arabs, Armenians and others.
Jerusalem temple carry the memory of thousands of years.The walls recall the decrees of Cyrus the Great and Darius I, the Maccabean revolt and the reign of Solomon, Jesus expelling the merchants from the temple.
Read on and you will learn a lot from the history of the temple in the holy city of the planet.
Jerusalem
impress the imagination of the Temple of Jerusalem pilgrims for thousands of years.This city is truly considered the most sacred in the land, as here tend to believers of the three religions.
temple of Jerusalem, a photo which will be given below refer to Judaism, Islam and Christianity.Today, tourists tend to the Western Wall, Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock and the Church of the Assumption and the Church of Our Lady.
In the Christian world also famous for Jerusalem.Holy Sepulcher (photos will be shown at the end of the article) is considered to be not only a place of the crucifixion and resurrection of Christ.This shrine is also indirectly became one of the reasons for the beginning of an era of the Crusades.
Old and New Town
Today, there are the New Jerusalem and the Old.If we talk about the first, it is a modern city with wide streets and high-rise buildings.It has a railway line, the newest shopping malls and a lot of fun.
construction of new quarters and settlement of Jews began only in the nineteenth century.Before that, people lived within the modern Old City.But the lack of space for construction, water shortages and other discomfort affected the expansion of the boundaries of the settlement.It is noteworthy that the first residents of the new houses to pay the money, so they moved out of the city wall.But they still long enough for a night back in the old quarters, because they believed that the wall will protect them from their enemies.
new city now famous not only for innovation.There are many museums, monuments and other attractions that belong to the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
However, from the point of view of history, is more important is the old town.There are ancient shrines and monuments that belong to the three world religions.
Old Town - it's part of modern Jerusalem, once located behind the wall of the fortress.The area is divided into four quarters - Jewish, Armenian, Christian and Muslim.It is here that annually attracts millions of pilgrims and tourists.
by World shrines are considered some of the Jerusalem Temple.For Christians, it is a temple of the Holy Sepulcher, Muslims - Al-Aqsa Mosque for the Jews - the remainder of the temple in the form of the Western Wall (Wailing Wall).
Let's talk more about the most popular shrines of Jerusalem, who are revered around the world.In their turn in prayer towards the many millions of people.What is so famous these temples?
first temple
No Jew could never be called a sanctuary, "the temple of Yahweh."This was contrary to religious precepts."Name of Gd can not be spoken," so the sanctuary were called "the Holy House", "Palace of Adonai" or "House of Elohim."
So, the first stone church was built in Israel, after the unification of David and his son Solomon's many tribes.Prior to this sanctuary was a portable tent with the Ark of the Covenant.The small places of worship are mentioned in several cities such as Bethlehem, Shechem, Givat Shaul and others.
symbol of unification of the Israeli people was the building of Solomon's temple in Jerusalem.The king chose this town for one reason - it was kind of on the border lands of Judah and Benjamin.Jerusalem has been the capital of the nation Jebusites.
Therefore, at least on the part of Jews and Israelis, he should not have been subjected to looting.
David bought Mount Moriah (today known as the Temple) in Aravny.Here, instead of the threshing floor was built an altar to God to stop the disease that has infected people.It is believed that at this point, Abraham was going to sacrifice his son.But the prophet Naftan urged David not to engage in the construction of the temple, and to entrust this responsibility to the grown son.
Therefore, the First Temple was built during the reign of Solomon.It existed before the destruction by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BC.
Second Temple
Almost half a century later the new Persian ruler Cyrus the Great allows the Jews to return to Palestine and rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem.
decree of Cyrus allowed people not only to come back from captivity, and gave the trophy temple utensils, and ordered to allocate funds for the construction work.But the arrival of tribes to Jerusalem, after the construction of the altar, started fighting between Israel and the Samaritans.The latter did not allow the construction of the temple.
Finally disputes were resolved only successor Cyrus the Great Darius Hystaspes.He confirmed in writing all decrees and personally ordered to complete the construction of the sanctuary.Thus, exactly seventy years after the destruction of Jerusalem's main shrine was restored.
If the first temple known as Solomon, that was called novovozvedenny zorovavelevym.But over time it decayed, and King Herod decided to renovate the Mount Moriah, to fit into the architectural ensemble of the more luxurious urban neighborhoods.
Therefore the existence of the Second Temple is divided into two stages - Zerubbabel and Herod.Having survived the revolt of the Maccabees and the Roman conquest, the sanctuary has gained more shabby look.In 19 BC, Herod decided to leave a memory in history on par with Solomon, and reconstructs the complex.
Especially for this a thousand priests trained in the construction of a few months, because inside the temple only they could get.The building of the sanctuary was of some Greco-Roman attributes, but especially his change king did not insist.But outside Herod built entirely created in the best traditions of the Greeks and Romans.
Just six years after construction of the new complex was destroyed.Anti-Roman rebellion began gradually resulted in the First Jewish War.Emperor Titus destroyed the sanctuary as the main spiritual center of Israel.
Third Temple
is believed that the third temple in Jerusalem will mark the coming of the Messiah.There are several versions of visiting this shrine.All the variations are based on the book of the prophet Ezekiel, who is also part of the Tanakh.
Thus, some believe that the Third Temple miraculously arise overnight.Others advocate that it is necessary to erect as the king showed the place, built the first temple.
only thing there is no doubt at all in calling for the construction, an area where it is building.Ironically, Jews and Christians see it in place over the stone base where today is located Kubat as-Sahra.
Muslim shrines
Speaking of the Temple in Jerusalem, can not be accented exclusively on Judaism or Christianity.There is also the third most important and ancient in origin the shrine of Islam.It's al-Aqsa Mosque ("Distant"), which is often confused with the second Muslim architectural monument - Kubat al-Sakhra ("Dome of the Rock").That the latter has a large golden dome that is visible for many kilometers.
Al-Aqsa Mosque is located on the Temple Mount.It was built in 705 AD on the orders of the Caliph Umar al-Faruq.The mosque was rebuilt several times, repaired, exposed to destruction during the earthquake served as the headquarters of the Knights Templar.Today, this sanctuary can accommodate about five thousand faithful.
important to remember that the al-Aqsa Mosque Dome Sinoval gray color and is much smaller than that of Al-Sahra.
«Dome of the Rock" is admired for its architecture.No wonder many tourists observed light stage disorders due to visit Jerusalem.This city is simply amazing beauty, antiquity and the history of the concentration.
Al-Sakhra was built in the late seventh century by two architects of the order of Caliph Abd al-Malik al-Marwan.In fact, it was built a few years before the al-Aqsa, but it is not a mosque.In the architectural sense is the dome over the sacred "stone base" from which is said to have started the creation of the world and that Muhammad ascended to heaven ("Miraj").
Thus, Jerusalem is a whole range of Islamic holy places on the Temple Mount.It is a city of contrasts, despite the tense situation in the region, just a few meters from him Jews pray near the Wailing Wall.
Shrine of Our Lady Virgin
Temple in Jerusalem, which is now officially called the Monastery of Our Lady of the Assumption, has an interesting history and chaotic.
It was built in the year 415 under Bishop John the Second.It was a Byzantine basilica, which was called the "Holy Zion."According to St. John the Evangelist lived here and reposed the Blessed Virgin.It is believed that the first sanctuary was erected on the site of the Last Supper in the mercy and the Holy Spirit at Pentecost.
him twice destroyed the Persians (seventh century) and Muslims (thirteenth century).Restores the local people, and then the Crusaders.But the heyday of the monastery, which today is one of the abbeys, comes at the end of the nineteenth century.
After many centuries of Muslim rule over the territory, while the landmark visit of Emperor Wilhelm II to Palestine, the Order of Benedictine buys a piece of land for a hundred and twenty thousand gold marks from the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II.
Since that time there begins zealous construction which developed the German brothers from the Catholic Order.The architect was Henry Renard.He planned to build a church, similar to the Carolingian cathedral in Aachen.It is noteworthy that, based on the German tradition in construction, in the Monastery of Our Lady of the Assumption of the wizard introduced Byzantine and modern Muslim elements.
Today, this sanctuary is in the possession of the German Society of the Holy Land.Its president is the archbishop of Cologne.
Holy Sepulcher
Temple of the Lord in Jerusalem has a lot of names, but they are somehow a reflection of the thought.The shrine stands on the spot where they crucified the Son of God.After this is where he was raised.In this temple ceremony takes place annually descent of the Holy Fire.
place which suffered, died and rose again, Jesus Christ, has always venerated by believers.His memory is not lost after the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus, and after a few years of its existence on the site of the temple of Venus, which was built under Hadrian.
only in 325 the mother of the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great, who in life was called Flavia Augustus (christened Elena), and after the canonization he named Elena Equal to the Apostles, began the construction of a Christian church.
During the year this place was founded a church.It was built next to the Basilica of Bethlehem under the supervision of Makarios.During his time it was built a complex of buildings - from the church to the crypt-mausoleum.It is noteworthy that this monumental composition mentioned in the famous Madaba map, which belongs to the fifth century.
Church of the Resurrection in Jerusalem, the first consecrated in the reign of Constantine the Great, the emperor in person.With 335 years this day celebrate a significant event - the Temple Update (September 26).
noteworthy that about 1009 Caliph al-Hakim transfers ownership Nestorian church, partially destroying the building.When rumors of the incident reached the Western Europe, this was one of the main causes of the Crusades.
In the middle of the twelfth century the Templars rebuilt the temple complex.Romanesque style of the building can be seen today in the suburban New Jerusalem Temple, which we will discuss below.
In the sixteenth century earthquake significantly spoiled the appearance of the shrine.The chapel became a little lower, that is exactly as it looks today.In addition, the destruction affected the Edicule.Restoration of the building were engaged in Franciscan monks.
Holy Sepulcher today
As we mentioned earlier, the most popular place of pilgrimage in the Middle East is Jerusalem.Holy Sepulcher (which is located below the photo) attracts millions of believers holy days.It was here the Holy Fire descends annually.Though the ceremony and most of the channels broadcast online, many people prefer to see the miracle with their own eyes.
In the early nineteenth century, the church was on fire and burned part of the Anastasis, and the damage affected the Edicule.Premises quickly restored, but a century later it became apparent that the church needs restoration.Completion of the first phase of the Second World War prevented, so the finishing touches stretched right up to 2013.
For half a century, was made capital restoration of the whole complex, the rotunda and dome.
Today, the temple includes the site of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ (Calvary) Edicule and the rotunda above it (there was a vault where lay the body of the Son of God until he is risen), as well as the temple of the Finding of the Cross, KATHOLIKON, church Equal to the Apostles Elena and numberchapels.
Nowadays, the temple combines representatives of the six faiths who share his territory and have their own clock worship.These include Ethiopian, Coptic, Catholic, Syrian, Greek Orthodox and Armenian churches.
interesting fact is the following.In order to avoid ill-considered consequences of conflicts between different religions is the key to the temple in a Muslim family (Dzhude), and open the door may only Arab member of another kind (Nuseybe).This tradition has been wound up in 1192 and honored so far.
New Jerusalem Monastery
«New Jerusalem" has long been the dream of many rulers of the Moscow principality.Boris Godunov planned its construction in Moscow, but the project remained unrealized.
first temple in the New Jerusalem there when he was Patriarch Nikon.He founded in 1656 the monastery, which was to copy the whole complex of holy sites in Palestine.Today temples address next - Istra, Sovetskaya st house 2.
Before the start of construction on the site of the temple was located Redkina village and nearby forest.In the course of fortified hill, the trees were cut down, and all topographic name was changed to the Gospel.Now there are the hills of the Mount of Olives, Sion and Tabor.The river Istra henceforth be called Jordan.Resurrection Cathedral, which was built in the second half of the seventeenth century, the song repeats the Holy Sepulcher.
From the first thought of the Patriarch Nikon and subsequently this place enjoyed a special arrangement Alexei Mikhailovich.Sources mention that it was the first time he called the complex "New Jerusalem" at the dedication of the latter.
There has considerable library collection as well as the pupils were taught musical-poetic school.After the disgrace of Nikon Monastery comes into some disrepair.Things have greatly improved since coming to power Fedor Alekseevich, who was a student of exiled patriarch.
Thus, today we are with you visited on a virtual tour within the most famous temple complexes of Jerusalem, and also visited the New Jerusalem Church in Moscow.
Good luck to you, dear readers!Let your impressions will be bright, and travel - interesting.
