carried out during the reign of Alexander 2 conversion had important implications for Russia of those times.Not only the children, but also contemporaries of the Emperor mentioned as a positive reforms of Alexander 2 for the development of the state and negative.
inevitability of reform
Immediately after the accession to the throne in February 1855 - the day after the death of his father Emperor Nicholas 2 - Alexander 2 made it clear to his subjects that understands, in what time he will have to rule, and in what condition he inherited a country.He said this in his first speech as the emperor in front of members of the State Council.Socio-political situation in Russia at that time was far from stable and progressively evolving.It was necessary to quickly solve a number of fairly complex, both internal and external political issues to bring the country out of crisis.
total flop Crimean War led to the breakdown of the financial system and complete international isolation of Russia.Growing dissatisfaction among the nobility and the peasantry board of senior officials and appointees of the emperor in the provinces.The people understood that change is needed and was ready to follow any leader, if he promised to give them.Distribution of the terrorist movement was accepted in society as a protest against its obsolete monarchy.Educational reforms of Alexander 2, launched
student unrest before the reform
In recent years, the reign of Nicholas 2 in the student community, tired from the hard training regime and way of life, was already on the first signs of the future of mass disobedience.But a change of ruler, followed by some relaxation in the lives of students, new leadership at the universities of both capitals partly repaid discontented murmurings.The reasons for the reforms of Alexander 2, including education, is not only in a particular event spontaneously broken out - there was a considerable number of circumstances.
small student unrest, which was marked by Moscow in 1858, were caused by ignorance and tactlessness police firmly fixated on a stable and sluggish this, while rapidly progressive youth was torn into a dynamic future.By the policy clashes with the police at that time had nothing to do and the emperor were justified - the blame for which Alexander put on law enforcement, but by the early 60s the opposition captured the mood of Russian society and universities.The answer to the obstinacy of student protection and education reform became Alexander 2. Briefly it can be described like this: the old charter, in force since 1835, was replaced by new appointees Nicholas shifted in the university Rector's chair sat appointees Alexander.
Education for All
At the beginning of 1861 there have been some fundamental event for the country, which largely determined the course of the reign of the new emperor: bezdnenskaya disaster, new riots student to death of peasants, provoking the police, the ambiguity, which are perceived by society, even the most insignificant incidentin the country.The initiator of most reforms, which started in the early years of the 60s, was Alexander himself 2. Education reforms were to significantly change the rules of study in universities, specialized schools, to enable children to learn to read and write the peasant.Educational reforms were gladly accepted and the female half of the population - it became obvious that soon they will be open to educational institutions.Before the reign of Alexander 2 girls of noble families received the necessary education to their status at home, in the merchants, burghers and peasants' houses on such trifles as the ability of children to read and write, a few parents care.
Drafting of the future Charter
the fall of 1861 have been approved to make Alexander a few months earlier university regulations.With the future of the Charter, they had nothing in common, and have been developed for the introduction of a temporary, until the Ministry of Education worked on large-scale project is expected to change.
reform public education Alexander 2 was conducted carefully and thoughtfully.Russian professor studied the manner and form of training in the best European universities, which were sent for this purpose.All their achievements for months discussed by officials, eminent scientists and prominent politicians.The draft was sent to educational institutions, not only Russia, but also in some Western countries.Extensive discussion was held in the press that he graciously accepted Alexander 2. Education reforms, the pros and cons of which caused heated debate, yet have been adopted and implemented across the country.Their signing was held on June 18, 1863.
Features University Charter and the consequences of its implementation
for striving to bring such a radical transformation, and to the needs of the emperor, and filed at the same time, some provisions of the Constitution meant a democratization of the student community.Established corporation endowed professor of autonomous self-government council and departments, thus depriving students the opportunity to create their own legal partnerships that are different western universities.Educational reforms of Alexander 2 was developed ostensibly for the European image and likeness, but almost nothing on them looked like.
certainly a plus served freer attending lectures, access to them volunteer, public oversight board for universities.Widely promoted not only educational, but also the educational component of teaching.But the absence of the student government, the influx of a volunteer, who could freely take root in the masses is not always useful volnodumskie principles often becomes an occasion for new unrest.The reasons for the reforms of Alexander 2, which was based on inefficient government, in fact, had not been corrected, and this applies not only to the university statute.
reform secondary education
Expanding the network of public schools in Russia is also in the 60 years of the XIX century.In addition to changes that affected the university environment, reform education affects all of Alexander 2 are available at the moment schools where the children involved were from all walks of life.Secondary education now could be obtained not only in the classical school, but also in real schools in which more intensively taught math and science.Some contemporaries believed these discriminatory school education system, created just for people from the lower and middle classes, as they are not conducted language training differed classical gymnasium.Afterwards real schools graduates has actually been denied access to universities due to lack of knowledge of languages.
whether this was an important Alexander 2?Education reforms undertaken in his reign, given the opportunity to receive secondary education significantly more children than it was before, and it was mainly at the time.
women to education reforms of Alexander
Oddly enough, but only in the end of XIX century in Russia for the first time spoke about the establishment of state-owned schools for girls.Institutions, which had the opportunity to be educated daughters of noblemen, first appeared in Catherine 2, but they were few, very popular, they did not use because of the well-established at the time of the principles of gender inequality in which women play only the role of mother and family only.
That situation changed democratic Alexander 2 - education reform, which he considered no less important than the abolition of serfdom, extended to girls.The more that women's issue, which in those years is becoming increasingly common in society, strongly supported not only emancipated ladies - feel their public importance like many of the fair half.In 1859, virtually all Russian cities were opened women's college.They patronized the Empress Maria Alexandrovna.
From the abolition of serfdom to teaching peasant children
Emperor Alexander 2 went down in history as "The Liberator."The abolition of serfdom, which was carried out with him, somewhat overshadowed the rest of the transformation of his reign, and there were many.The same reform public education Alexander 2 - nothing reason to give him the name of "Illuminator"?
among the intelligentsia, in addition to women's issues, discussed the implications of the outcome of the peasants by the landowners and their continued participation.Ideas about the needs of the organization of primary education for peasant children disputes is virtually - the need for training their minds enlightened state admitted unconditionally.Many an example of the genius of Russian science Mikhail Lomonosov, whose fate was so amazing and unique.A deep respect for him, and felt Alexander 2. Education reforms have been open to many peasant children a world of knowledge.A great supporter of education in the nation was Turgenev, offered his project to create a committee of literacy, which was approved by the emperor.
historical significance of changes introduced during the reign of Alexander
In addition, Alexander 2 abolished serfdom, accepted and signed a new educational Charters, spent a full education reform among his achievements, there are other important changes that are taking place in all of Russian society.In 1862-1863 years of the adoption of the changes necessary to the management of financial resources of the State in the 1865-th - the press law.Reforms - government, the judiciary, the military - the company had been taken in different ways, but they should be recognized by all.Let not all been implemented as planned, but the fact of change and positive reforms of Alexander 2 for the further development of the country it is difficult to admit.Let some of them give different assessment today, but on the inside, and in the international arena Russia in the era of Alexander 2 is stronger.
