Soviet Russia, on the one hand, Germany, Bulgaria, Turkey and Austria-Hungary - on the other hand, have signed an agreement in 1918.From that, what were the conditions of the Brest peace depended on the situation of many powers.
Previous events
Terms of the Brest peace in 1918 were discussed several times and is in three stages.Most of the meetings of the attention was paid to the Armenian issue.Soviet Russia has put forward a number of conditions, however, Germany and its allies have rejected this Brest-Litovsk.The date of the contractual negotiations in Brest-Litovsk - 1917, December 9.There is also the rate of the German command.The Soviets tried to avoid in the future the world indemnities and annexations.
position of the Soviet leadership
Soviet delegation has developed a program that adheres to during negotiations.From that, what were the conditions of the Brest peace depended on the integrity of the position of Russia and its people.The main points of the program:
- Escaping forced annexation of lands captured during the fighting.
- restore full political independence of peoples who had lost it during the war.
- Escaping indemnities.
- Introduction autonomy of national minorities in compliance with a certain number of conditions.
- Giving ethnic groups the right to select the country or creating its state independence.
- colonial issues are resolved in accordance with the above principles.
- Preservation of rights and freedoms of the weaker nations.
Soviet leadership planned as long as possible to pull the peace talks, secretly hoping to weaken Germany as a result of internal revolution.January 28, 1918 Russia was given an ultimatum.Germany demanded the signing of the agreement on such conditions that entailed separation of Poland, the Baltic states and Belarus.
Fix Russian
Requirements Germany were outrageous.On the one hand, Russia could not agree to sign such a humiliating to her contract, and should be, rather, to start a war than to agree to such conditions.But resources for warfare was not enough.From that, what were the conditions of the Brest peace depended on the power of Russia.Leon Trotsky, along with other Bolsheviks, tried to find a way out of this situation.And the country's leadership came to the decision that he thought best.January 28 the head of the Soviet delegation made a speech, which led to the following: the world will not be signed, but also the beginning of the war, Russia will not declare.Leon Trotsky announced the release of the people and the troops from the war.
This decision shocked the German and Austrian diplomats.They did not expect this turn of events.February 18 began attacking Austro-Hungarian troops.The Red Army was disbanded, there was no one to confront the enemy.As a result, we were occupied Pskov and Narva.Some of the regiment, who were at this time in their positions, retreated without a fight.Russia is no longer necessary to discuss what were the conditions of the Brest peace.February 19 German requirements were adopted by the Soviet side.
Germany, realizing the hopelessness of the situation in Russia, is now much more demanding areas (five times), which was almost the entire supply of coal and iron ore, and the country's 50 million people lived.Also, the Soviet side undertook to pay a large indemnity.New Russian delegation was headed by Grigory Sokolnikov.He said that the choice in this situation, there is no avoiding the signing of the peace treaty will not succeed.He also expressed hope that the current situation is temporary.
Terms of the Brest peace - briefly
- Rejection provinces, where the locals prevailed Belarusians.
- recognition of the independence of Ukraine.
- Waste privislyanskih provinces of Estonia, Livonia, Courland, the Grand Duchy of Finland.
- Branch Caucasian regions - Batumi and Kars.
- making peace with the UPR.
- demobilization of the army and navy.
- Care Baltic fleet with the Finnish and Baltic bases.
- payment of 500 million gold rubles and 6 billion marks.
- Baltic Fleet left the base in Finland and the Baltic States.
- Termination of revolutionary propaganda.
- Black Sea Fleet departed the Central Powers.
Consequences
Thus was concluded the Brest peace.The date of its signing - March 3, 1918.Ukraine, Poland, the Baltic states and part of Byelorussia have been disconnected from Russia.Also, the Soviets paid in Germany more than 90 tons of gold.The Germans, pretending that they want to provide power to the legitimate government of Ukraine began the occupation of its territory.At this time rise Left SR uprising and civil war takes the form of large-scale battles.The opposition sharply criticized Lenin's statement that Russia had no choice but to accept the terms of the agreement.The army was disorganized.Consequences of the Peace of Brest showed that opposition supporters have called for popular uprisings in order to suppress the German-Austrian troops.States signed the Entente opposed the world.From March to August 1918 the landing of British and Japanese troops in Murmansk, Vladivostok, Archangelsk.
end of the Brest peace
Brest peace was not destined for a long time to act.November 13 after defeating the Austro-German troops (through their allies), Russia canceled it.On the day of the Soviet leadership canceled moved to Moscow, fearing a German attack on Petrograd.After the cancellation of the contract made territorial concessions were considered invalid.The Soviet government has provided the residents of the Caucasus and other areas seized by the choose your destiny.Earlier, on 20 September 1918, it was torn part of the world with regard to Brest Turkey.
It is said that the consequences of the Brest peace reinforce the authority of Lenin.The Bolsheviks began to show him even greater confidence.At the end of the Civil War in 1922, most of the Russian Soviet power was established.
