medieval period called the time period between the new and ancient epochs.Chronologically, it fits into the framework by the end of the V-VI to XVI (sometimes inclusively) of the centuries.In turn, the Middle Ages is divided into three periods.This, in particular: early, high (middle) and later periods (early Renaissance).Next, consider how to develop the State medieval Europe.
General characteristics
In terms of events that have a particular significance for cultural life, XIV-XVI centuries considered to be separate and independent periods.The degree of heritability of traits of earlier phases was different.Medieval Western Europe, Central and Eastern part of it, as well as some areas of Oceania, Asia, and Indonesia preserved elements peculiar to the ancient period.Localities territory of the Balkan Peninsula sought to sufficiently intense cultural exchange.The same trend held and other medieval cities in Europe: in the south of Spain and France.At the same time they tend to return to the past, preserving the vestiges of the achievements of previous generations in this or other areas.If we talk about the south and southeast, the development here was based on the tradition formed in Roman times.
"cultural colonization"
This process has spread to some medieval cities in Europe.There are many ethnic groups, whose culture is strictly adhered to the scope of antiquity, but they sought to attach to the mainstream in many other areas of religion.So, for example, were the Saxons.Franks tried to force them to attach to his - Christian - culture.It's also affected the other tribes that have preserved polytheistic beliefs.But the Romans in the capture of the land has never tried to force the people to accept the new faith.Cultural colonization was accompanied by a policy of conquest of the XV century the Dutch, the Portuguese, the Spanish, and later other countries to capture territories.
Nomadic tribes
history of medieval Europe, at an early stage in particular was full of captivity, wars, destruction of settlements.At this time actively going through the motions of nomadic tribes.Medieval Europe was experiencing great migration of peoples.During it happened the distribution of ethnic groups that have settled in certain regions, displacing or teaming up with already existing nationalities there.As a result, they formed new symbioses, social contradictions.So, for example, it was in Spain that was invaded by the Muslim Arabs in the VIII century BC.In this respect, the history of medieval Europe differed little from the ancient.
Education
of Medieval European civilization has evolved quite rapidly.In the early period formed many small and large states.The biggest was frankiyskoe.Roman region of Italy as an independent state.The rest of Medieval Europe broke into many large and small principalities, is only the formal submission of the Kings more extensive education.This applies in particular to the British Isles, Scandinavia, and other lands not included in the composition of the larger states.In the eastern part of the world also passed similar processes.So, for example, in China at different times there were about 140 countries.However, there was imperial and feudal power - owners feuds had, among other things, the administration, the army, and in some cases even their own money.As a result of this fragmentation of frequent wars were clearly manifested self-will, and the state was generally weak.
Culture
medieval civilization of Europe has developed a very heterogeneous.This is reflected in the culture of the period.There were several areas of development in this field.In particular, isolated subcultures such as urban, peasant, knight.Development of the last feudal lords were engaged.By City (burgher) culture should be classified as craftsmen and merchants.
Activities
Medieval Europe was mainly due to subsistence farming.In those or other regions, however, noted the uneven pace of development and initiation to the different types of activities.For example, nomadic peoples, settled on land previously cultivated by other nationalities, became engaged in farming.However, the quality of their work and the subsequent performance of been much worse than the indigenous population.In the early period of Medieval Europe is undergoing a process of de-urbanization.During his people from the destroyed large settlements moved to the countryside.As a result, citizens were forced to move on to other activities.All the necessities of life made the peasants, except metal products.Plowing the land is almost universally carried out either by the people (they are harnessed to the plow), or using cattle - bulls or cows.With the IX-X centuries it has been applied a collar.Due to this steel harness horse.However, these animals were in very small quantities.Until the XVIII century farmers used wooden plow and shovel.Suffice it was rare to find water mills and windmills began to appear in the XII century.A constant companion of the period was a famine.
socio-political development
Land ownership initial period is allocated between the communities of peasants, the church and the feudal lords.It was gradually enslaving people.Earth free peasants began to join under those or other excuses to areas of church or secular feudal lords living with them in the same area.As a result, to the XI centenary flourishing economic and personal relationship to varying degrees almost everywhere.The farmer for the use of the site had to give 1/10 of total output, the hammer mill lord bread, working in the studio or on arable land, to take part in other work.In the case of war danger he is charged with the protection of the land owner.Serfdom in Medieval Europe was canceled in different regions at different times.The first were released dependent peasants in France in the XII century - the beginning of the Crusades.From the XV century they became free peasants in England.This was due to the fencing of land.In Norway, for example, farmers were not dependent.
Trade
Market relations have been or exchange (goods for goods) or financial (commodity-money).Different cities had a weight of silver in the coins, various purchasing power.Minted money could feudal lords, those who took a patent for minting.In the absence of systematic trading began to develop fair.They are usually held in conjunction with one or another religious holidays.Under the walls of the princely castle formed large markets.The merchants were organized and conducted workshops in foreign and domestic trade.Around the time of the Hanseatic League was formed.It has become the largest organization bringing together a number of merchants.By 1300 in its composition was more than 70 cities between Holland and Livonia.They were divided into 4 sections.At the head of each region was a major city.They had connections with smaller settlements.The city had residential buildings, hotels (in which stayed merchants), sales agents.Development of material and cultural terms, to a certain extent contributed to the Crusades.
Technical progress in the period under review it had only quantitative.This can be attributed to China, which has stepped far forward with respect to Europe.However, any improvement occurred with two official obstacles: the charter of the guild and the church.Last bans in accordance with ideological considerations, first - out of fear of competition.In the cities, the artisans have been combined into the shop.Organisation outside was impossible for several reasons.Workshops distributed material, quantity of products, place of sale.They also defined and strictly control product quality.Workshops followed the equipment, which was carried out production.Charter regulated and free time, and labor, clothes, holidays and more.Technology kept a closely guarded secret.If they are recorded, only the codes and passed exclusively family inheritance.Often the technologies have remained a mystery for future generations.
