In the Russian language, as well as in other languages, each word has a specific lexical meaning.The word is associated with an object, a phenomenon, a sign, some action.
semantic role language can play not only a word, but phraseological unit.That is, adjacent to the vocabulary idioms.
Idiom
So what idiom?Examples of these are well known to everyone.Take the word "head".It is used in many combinations: "puzzle", "a man with his head", "break decisively", "hot head".If the word of the examples is not used in the literal sense, it can be argued that it is a part of phraseologism.In addition, the meaning of the word is not the same in all combinations.
«Breaking down" - hard to think of anything, to solve a difficult problem."The man with the head" - is the one who does not take stupid decisions, it is a wise, thoughtful."Utterly routed" - to win the final victory."Hot head" - so say a foolish man, gambling or Spitfire.
peculiarity exemplified phrases is that they are used in a "frozen", stable, unchanging grammatical and verbal forms.Such figures of speech are called phraseology.
Signs of set phrases
identifies several signs that can give an explanation of what this idiom.The examples here, supplement the description of the feature.
- Sustainable verbal form ("topsy-turvy").
- Fixed grammatical form ("seven Fridays of the week").
- inadmissibility of changing the order of words ("for sure").
- Use figuratively ("wash up bones").
- Inability to add new or withdrawal from a combination of existing words.("The hens to laugh").
meaning of the word "idiom»
study of stable combinations of speech has been a branch of linguistics - phraseology.To understand the meaning of the term, it is enough to translate it from the Greek language.The literal translation is: "the doctrine of the speed of speech."
The totality of the actual existence of stable combinations of language is also called phraseology.
What are the words in the language, idioms?How to correctly use them in the speech?What is the specific idiom?These questions interest not only children, began to study the language as a science, but also adults who have already had a lot to learn.
Origin phraseology
person using idioms in speech, should have a good understanding of their meaning.This will help him to avoid the comical, awkward situations which may arise in connection with the misuse of words or a lack of understanding of their values.History phraseology, knowledge of the sources of their appearance in the language will allow a person to become more informed in this regard.
large group of set phrases arose from observations of human nature and social phenomena.For example, "a lot of snow - a lot of bread," "Frightening crow bush is afraid", "apple does not fall far from the tree."
not less in number of phraseology is a group that emerged from mythology, biblical lore or specific historical events.Examples of such combinations can be idioms, "Babel", "Mother passed", "apple of discord", "Ariadne."Familiarity with such phraseology will open the door to a world of history and ancient mythology.
appearance of a certain group of phraseology connected with the professional activities of man, his crafts.For example, a combination of "no Good luck" was first used in the environment of hunters and meant a wish of good production on the hunt.
Borrowing from other languages - is also a common phenomenon in phraseology.Because it is an expression of the German language "fail the exam."
large group phraseology make combinations that are associated with the letters of the Old Church Slavonic alphabet.Examples are such idioms: "start from scratch", "dot the i», «give the go-ahead."
«terrible than the cat no beast," "You're singing - this is business", "Go there - I do not know where."Here are examples of stable combinations that have come into the language of folk and author of literary works.
phraseology may be a source of modern art forms - film, literature, theater.
classification phraseology
None of the existing types of classification of phraseology, according to linguists, can not be considered exhaustive.The main reason for this is the large number of transitional forms of phraseological combinations that are sometimes impossible to classify to any specific type.
subjective approach in the definition of phraseology is also the case with linguists.This fact leads to the fact that the discipline there are new terms to replace the existing ones.In this situation of confusion is inevitable.
From the above it can be concluded that the classification of phraseology - is a question that scientists have to solve in the future.
Today, however, most often used classification, which is taken into account the degree of "cohesion", combining the words inside phraseologism.On this basis, the following groups: fusion (idiom), phraseological unity and combination.A separate group consists of proverbs, aphorisms, sayings.
Idioms
phraseology make up a significant part of the idiom (seam).Translated from the Greek allows you to understand the meaning of the term.Idios means "strange", "extraordinary."
for seam characterized by the fact that the meaning of a phraseological unit can not be folded out of the meanings of words, its components.This can be explained by the fact that the idiom came into the language of antiquity.
Examples of such phraseology, "marveled", "badly", "slack", "sharpen fritters."
Idiom of this type are typical for a particular language, and the literal translation into other languages is not possible without loss of meaning.For example, consider how you can describe the situation when people meet face to face.
The Russian language will say that they met with "an eye for an eye."Native speakers meaning of what is very clear.The French words describe the situation: tête-à-tête.Translated into Russian expression will cause a smile - "head to head" means that expression.With the English language face to face would be translated as "face-to-face."A German zwischen den vier Augen will mean "between four eyes."
In this example again, you can make sure that idiom - it is a kind of expression that may exist in the language of a particular people, their meaning is clear only when the words are used together, indivisible.
Phraseology Unity
The Russian language has shaped figures of speech, lexical meaning that to some extent can be opened, based on the value of their constituent words.Such figures of speech called phraseological unity.Examples: "splurge", "put teeth on the shelf", "zero attention", "like water off a duck."
One of the features of phraseological unity is that it has a direct and figurative meaning.For example, a "deadlock".The first value of the direct - to be in that part of the road from which there is no escape, and the figurative meaning - do not see the way out of the situation.
Phraseology combination
There is another significant group of phraseology, which was called "phraseological combinations."This includes a free word and the associated value.The integrity of the meaning of a phraseological unit is made up of individual meanings of words, its components."Sidekick", "sensitive issue", "arch-enemy", "a bloody nose" - examples of such combinations.
Write idioms from this group can be different, that is, it is possible to replace it at least one word - "to burn with shame", "burn with hatred", "fire of love", "burn with jealousy."
Phraseology expression
special group phraseology make friends from childhood proverbs, sayings, winged words, aphorisms.For it is possible to carry clichés.Such lexical units are called "phraseological expressions."
Compared with other types of phraseology, this group most commonly used in colloquial speech and book.
Idiom synonyms
Sometimes you can find different idioms, indicating the same phenomenon, the subject, a sign of the action.Idiom of this type can belong to one or multiple languages.
For example, in the Russian language is well known idiom "make mountains out of molehills," which means "to exaggerate the significance of the event."Idiom with similar meaning exists in other languages."Doing the forks of a needle" - so they say in Poland.In the Czech language, too, there is an expression with similar meaning.It reads: "make of mosquito camel."In English there idiom "making of molehills mountain."
Idiom synonyms may exist in any language.For example, consider a situation when you have to say about how it works, working people.To his action was described clearly and vividly that best use of the existing phraseology - "work hard", "roll up their sleeves to work", "work hard".
pronoun phraseologisms
If you look at the combination of stable in terms of their use in different parts of speech, we can see that very often with pronouns idioms.The most frequently used possessive, reflexive, attributive pronouns.Examples of such phraseology: "to be at ease", "pull yourself together", "ruffle", "bring on their shoulders" and many others.
Idiom pronouns clearly characterize the man, give it a rating, reflect the behavior, the state and its activities.
What language are words idioms?
set phrases adorn it, making it shaped, expressive.Stable combination enrich human vocabulary that allows him most closely and clearly express their thoughts.Having used idiom, a person can broad, deep thought expressed accurately and concisely - in two or three words.
Idiom can decorate the language of literature, writers and poets so widely use this facility, making their creations with bright, colorful and inimitable.
attention to the history of phraseology, their value will allow anyone to raise their general level of knowledge.
man pondering the question, what are the words in the language idioms, unwittingly come to the conclusion that these are a kind of combination of steady reminder of the life and culture of the people, its centuries-old traditions, historical experience.Idiom - a memory of people with membership of a particular national culture.
Phrasebook
lexical meaning phraseology, the history of their appearance in the language, acceptable forms of use can be found in one of the phraseological dictionaries.Today they issued quite a number.
Material directories divided into entries.They gathered all the available information about a particular phraseologisms.The increase of speech, vocabulary enrichment can provide invaluable assistance to exactly this dictionary.
Moreover, experts note that existing stock phraseology - a richness of language - people are not fully used, is limited.Therefore, some of philologists even advised to learn some new expression for themselves.After such a busy man begins to better understand what the words in the language are idioms and use them in a speech.
