As the concept of psychology, personality defense mechanisms are unconscious mental processes to reduce negative feelings and underpin the development of resistance.
first time this concept was introduced by Freud.They were so named techniques that are used by one of the structures of the individual to exercise control over desires, which can lead to spiritual experiences and anxiety.Then it was the efforts that require a large expenditure of energy and effort to protect his inner world.
defense mechanisms of the individual in the future have been developed by A. Freud.She described the complexity and diversity of these processes and has proven that the protection is directed against everything that brings emotions, pain, anxiety and causes stress, and in different ages man used different psychological defensive techniques.
Thus was the catalog of protections with their detailed description, which have the ability to maintain normal human psyche.Let us consider in detail the list.
1. Denial - is a mechanism by which denied past experiences, bringing suffering, as well as impulses and party nature of the subject.This person does not perceive any information that contradicts its installation.
2. Wipe or suppression - protective mechanisms of personality through which negative experience is blocked by forgetting his stimulus and all related facilities.Thus, out of consciousness eliminates unwanted desire, craving and desire.However, they eventually appear in the phobias and fears, so this technique is the most ineffective.
3. Projection - the mechanism by which negative qualities, thoughts and feelings are attributed to people around, which is the basis for their rejection.Against this background, developing egotism, selfishness, hostility, isolation and other negative qualities.
4. Regression - avoidance mechanism anxiety by returning to the early immature behaviors.
5. Replacement or ectopic aggression - psychological defense mechanisms of personality in which the voltage is removed by means of transferring aggression source of anger to a more accessible and faint objects or himself.
6. Rationalization - the mechanism of irrational interpretation of the subject of his own actions and aspirations, which are caused by those factors, the recognition of which threatens the loss of self-esteem.Man in some cases explain their lack of success is not his own powerlessness, and the influence of external circumstances or a bad attitude to his others.
7. Intellectualization - defense mechanism by which the replacement is made sense of logic with the aim to achieve full control over the situation.
8. Compensation - the mechanism of replacing the object that causes negative feelings and emotions, and feelings of loss with the help of imagination or usurping another's virtues, character traits or mannerisms.
There are some psychological protection of the person as a jet formation which is often equated with overcompensation.This person prevents expression unpleasant or negative thoughts by means of the opposite.For example, self-pity can be a reactive form of unconscious cruelty.
Psychological defense mechanisms of personality are studied using the test-questionnaire, which was developed by R. Plutchikom, Mr. Kellerman and HRComte.This method allows an assessment of human use of the eight defensive techniques, which are recognized by the major (described above).
