Khaganate - a kind of government.At the head of such an education is Kagan, or one of the interpretations of this title, "Khan Khans."The term was first mentioned in connection with the ancient Mongolian tribe of nomads Xianbi.
Originally from China
In the III century BC from the ancient alliance called "Dungu", formed in about 1100 BC, select one of the tribes.New association for three centuries was called in different ways, and in 330 came rouran khaganate.This state, formed a tribe Xianbi, lasted until 555 years.In 402, the ruler of the tribes Zsuzsanna first of all began to call himself a Kagan, thus creating a new title of supreme ruler.According to one version of history, the name of the tribe under him is a contemptuous nickname given to them by the Chinese.Zsuzsanna - slowly crawling or creeping.It is no wonder that these people want to be independent.In this case, the Khanate - an alliance of tribes Zsuzsanna, who also was a confederation.
powerful state
And at the beginning of the VI century from this education, in turn, separated the tribe wished to be independent.They also formed the Avar Khanate, which existed for 823 to 562 years.The territory of modern Slovakia, Croatia, Romania, Hungary, Serbia and Ukraine is the area of this state based Hagan Boyan I. Yet in 555, the Avars were known as nomadic people persecuted by the Turks, forced to leave the steppes of western Kazakhstan and move to a remote bank of the Volga.And in the years 565-566, rounded the Carpathian Mountains from the north, they captivate the Frankish king Sigebert I, defeating his army.Contemporaries were so shocked by this fact, that the Avars attributed the gift of magic.During its heyday Avar Khanate stretched from the Black Sea to the Adriatic and the Alps to the Elbe.This power of the Avars reached thanks to the wise and hard rule talented leader Boyan I, who ruled the country since its inception in 562 until his death in 602. The cunning and cynical leader, without hesitation, he changed allies destroyed whole tribes to achieve their goals, andas a result made even Byzantine Emperor Tiberius II to pay him tribute.Khanate - it's a tough dictatorship and Kagan - is sovereign in medieval nomadic hierarchy, who, without any restrictions belongs to absolutely all power.
Fall colossus
the study of the history of ancient times, there is always a few views on the same issue.Thus, accidents belong to different ethnic groups: to mongolojazychnym to Iranian-speaking, to the Turkic.Representatives of the archaeological school in Hungary, in whose territory the Avar Khanate, the larger portion of the Avars to Europeoids and only a small stratum - to the Mongoloids.But the minority of the population played a dominant role, was an elite Avar state.It can be assumed that the representatives of the ruling elite did not assimilate with the conquered peoples.The first defeat gone too far Avars received at Constantinople in the year 626.Immediately separated from the khanate began to separate tribes - the first ran Kutrigurs, modern Bulgarians.In 631, Khan Altsek, the future ruler of Great Bulgaria Kaganate withdraws from his army after a failed attempt to seize power.Further accident only defend and retreat.From Dalmatia Croatia displace them in the year 640.Finishing off Franco-Avar Khanate War, which lasted a very long time.Gradually, all the enslaved peoples rebelled.And the last selected region Pannonia Avars Franks, headed by the already baptized Kagan, 899 seized by the Hungarians.Avars completely ceased to exist.It disappeared once mighty state that lived about 3.5 centuries.
Polity most powerful Kaganates
The question arises, what is the Khanate, how it works, why disappear, usually without a trace.Interestingly, Kagan - a man, who had then absolute power, was elected national assembly.The Khazar Khaganate and Aavrskom the ruler was governor tudun entrusted with supervisory, organizational and diplomatic functions, and yugur, which was probably the high priest.Tribute was collected by members of the nobility - Tarkhany.And behind them, in the hierarchy, were tribal leaders who played an important role structure of the country.They were taken away and their people from the khanate.Maybe that's why, and disappeared from the face of the earth is a state that was multi-ethnic.
Another Turkic state
turgesh lasted very long - from the beginning to the middle of the VIII century.At the beginning of the century leader Turgeshes Ushlik Chinese overthrew the governor and demanded to plead Hagan China.He made his capital city Suyab, which was his bet.The entire territory of the new khanate consisted of 20 territorial units, each of which is located at 7000 soldiers.They are located on the areas of Chinese provinces and stretched from Beshbaliq to Tashkent.In the year 705 because of the threat of the country's occupation by the Arabs kaganat an alliance with China and Arab forces breaks.The following rulers - Gore, Zheng, Grand Suluk under which Khanate reached its peak, and waged a successful war with the Arabs, and with China.But after the murder suluk power began to slip away from the hands of his successors, who were Kutsha and Baga-Tarhan, Bilge and Tengri-Ilmysh - last Hagan, whose death turgesh ceased to exist.Stay coins that State with Sogdian inscriptions, minted under these rulers.
New on the site of the old
little longer existed the Eastern Turk Empire.The capital was the city of Balik-Orda.The history of this state nomads began in 603, after the collapse of the Turkic khanate into Western and Eastern parts.For three decades, the newly formed East khanate, which had a common border with China, led him quite a successful war, but in 630, the country was again invaded by the Turkic empire.50 years later rebelled kok-Turks, resulting in the Eastern Khanate was restored under a new name - the Kok-Turk.And again, his forces attacked the army of neighboring China - in the year 686 at Xinzhou, 694 - near Linchzhou.Second Kapagan Mochur Hagan, who ruled from 693 for 716 years, 698 were successfully invaded China and defeated the imperial troops.Follow him 6 rulers did not achieve such success.And at last, Kulun-bek troops khanate in the year 745 troops were defeated Uighur Khan Wash-Chura.Kok-Turk Empire area of 4 million square kilometers in, formed in the year 682, ceased to exist.
new strong education
Karluk Khanate, which arose 11 years after the collapse of the Kok-Turk - also Turkic state, and it lasted for 940 to 756 years.The territory they occupied, which includes the space between the Lake Issyk-Kul and Balkhash, on the middle reaches of the Syr Darya to the Jungar Alatau.That is, it is in the range of modern Kazakhstan.The roots of the Karluk Kaganate rose from the western part of the disintegrated once (in 603) of the Turkic states.While a certain period under the strong influence of China, at the beginning of the VIII century Karluk (the inhabitants of these regions) are gradually beginning to migrate towards the west.They are known in the V century.It also multibreeding community - in their composition joined in the VII century, tribes such as the Bulak, chigil and Tashlyk.On his way following the increasingly strong future detachments of the new khanate won several major victories.For example, they helped the Arabs in 751 win in Talas or Atlahskoy (Talas Valley, the city Atlah), the battle against China (Tang Dynasty).They fought with the East Turkic khanate.But Karluk power, knowing ups, did not last long.She, too, was absorbed by another Turkic education - Eastern Turkestan, the seizure of 940, the capital of the Karluk Kaganate Balasgun.However, part of the population managed to flee across the river Or, the length in the Seven Rivers, where they established a new state called Karluk Khanate.The capital was the city Kaylaka.
sad fate
On the question of what the khanate, you can answer that this is purely an Asian form of government.Nowhere in Europe or America has never been such formations.In Asia, there were quite a lot - there was even a Russian Khanate in the Lower Don.He, too, ceased to exist in the middle of the IX century.History shows that the form of government rather unlucky - all kaganats were destroyed, and many people disappeared without trace or solution among other tribes, such as Khazars and accidents.But the significance of the Turkic states is difficult to overestimate.Due to the expansion of the military culture of the East has been enriched by the achievements of the ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean.Many tribes came from China and reached Western Europe, on the road to living assimilated in these expanses of nations.
